Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis
”Man is by nature a political animal”
Aristotle
Man and society are in a two-way relationship. The cultural accumulation that the human mind has produced over the centuries was only possible when we came together as a community and established civilization. Each of us is a building stone of this civilization and man finds his place in this life as a part of the society. In this context; interacting with other people is not just a fulfillment of a necessity but it is simultaneously an expression of the human mind.
Although verbal transfer is the main tool of our expressiveness, our mind expresses its feelings and thoughts in some cases, simply with a facial expression or conveys many feelings and thoughts at once in one facial expression. But creating facial expression is a very complex process. Facial expression, which has a very important role in the functioning of the social structure as well as for each person, can only be possible with a well-functioning facial nerve.
In this book; the facial nerve, which holds an exceptional place among the cranial nerves, is examined by a multidisciplinary team. The Embryological development, anatomy, and functions of the facial nerve in normal individuals are detailed comprehensively. Subsequently, the diseases of the facial nerve and the diagnostic and treatment modalities of pathologies that can affect the nerve according to its anatomical positioning are discussed in different sections.
This work was put together both to increase the awareness of the facial nerve among younger generations and to guide them in preserving the concept of the face, which is crucial to human integrity. Experts in the field have examined the possible treatment options for restoring function and improving facial expression in cases of facial nerve damage, addressing the complex aspects of the facial nerve beyond being a single anatomical structure.
As editors, we would like to thank the authors for sharing their years of experience.
Prof. Dr. Galip Zihni SANUS
Editor
İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, İstanbul, Türkiye
There are such diseases that require attention to treat the psycho-social impacts in addition to the medical and surgical ones. As an ENT physician, I can say that while managing patients with facial paralysis, I learned that I did not only dealt with a medical and surgical process, but also with its psycho-social aspect when I was managing a female patient with facial paralysis whom broke up with her husband. An other example was a beautiful young girl who had facial paralysis at after an unfortunate accident where the plazma TV fell on her head. As an otorhinolaryngologist, we worked with a patient group where the results of facial paralysis are more satisfactory with the chance of early intervention. Nevertheless, we realized that we are actually a part of a large team, including Neurology, Neurosurgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ophthalmology, Physical Therapy Physicians, whom encountered this patient group at different time lines and undertook their treatment. The crucial support of the Histology & Embryology, Pathology and Radiology Departments was undeniable in this disease, in which required the unity of mind of many medical disciplines. Based on this cooperation and solidarity, the idea for a book written by physicians interested in facial nerve and its surgery emerged. My special thanks to our editor Galip Zihni Sanus, who never hesitated to share his knowledge, network and off course for his entire collaborative work and support.
Electrophysiological evaluation of the facial nerve, surgical techniques in the approach to facial nerve pathologies and paralysis; late facial paralysis managements of Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Otorhinolaryngology, and Ophthalmology where the contributors to this book to answer to all the questions that might rise in your mind. In addition to the sections where current reconstruction techniques were explained with descriptive surgical figures and the section that researchers who wanted to present experimental models for facial paralysis were you can use it as your primary source; non-surgical treatment modalities and protocols of facial paralysis were mentioned in detail , medicolegal, psychosocial and artistic perspectives were fruitfully discussed. As an editor I hope you an enjoyable and informative reading.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül BATIOĞLU KARAALTIN
Editor
İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, İstanbul, Türkiye
Bölümler
Facial Expression in Art
Ali Metin KAFADAR
Kafadar AM. Facial expression in art. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.1-3.
Facial Nerve: Neuroanatomy and Physiology
Levent AYDIN, Necmettin TANRIÖVER
Aydın L, Tanrıiver N. Facial nerve: Neuroanatomy and physiology. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.4-8.
Histology and Embryology of the Facial Nerve
Duygu NECCAR, Zehra SEZER, Elif GÜZEL
Neccar D, Sezer Z, Güzel E. Histology and embryology of the facial nerve. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.9-15.
Pathology of Facial Nerve
Ayşe Mine ÖNENERK MEN, İpek SERTBUDAK, Ayşim Büge ÖZ
Önenerk Men AM, Sertbudak İ, Öz AB. Pathology of facial nerve. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.16-22.
Evaluation of Facial Nerve Paralysis and Differential Diagnosis
Nurten UZUN ADATEPE, Ceren ALİŞ
Uzun Adatepe N, Aliş C. Evaluation of facial nerve paralysis and differential diagnosis. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.23-9.
Facial Nerve Evaluation: Topodiagnostic Tests and Grading Methods
İrfan PAPİLA, Doğan ÇAKAN
Papila İ, Çakan D. Facial nerve evaluation: Topodiagnostic tests and grading methods. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.30-6.
Electrophysiologic Evaluation of the Facial Nerve
Turgut ADATEPE, Adile ÖZKAN
Adatepe T, Özkan A. Electrophysiologic evaluation of the facial nerve. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.37-46.
Facial Nerve Imaging
Orkun CIVAN, Gökçen YILDIZ, Osman KIZILKILIÇ
Cıvan O, Yıldız G, Kızılkılıç O. Facial nerve imaging. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.47-54.
Intraoperative Facial Nerve Monitorization
Cem BÖLÜK, Emine TAŞKIRAN
Bölük C, Taşkıran E. Intraoperative facial nerve monitorization. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.55-62.
Facial Paralysis in Children
Tuğçe Damla DİLEK, Serhat GÜLER
Dilek TD, Güler S. Facial paralysis in children. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.63- 74.
Management of Peripheric Facial Paralysis: Bell’s Palsy and Treatment Algorithm
Yetkin Zeki YILMAZ, Zülküf Burak ERDUR
Yılmaz YZ, Erdur ZB. Management of peripheric facial paralysis: Bells palsy and treatment algorithm. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.75-81.
Surgical Management of Bell’s Palsy
Tufan Agah KARTUM, Barış KÜÇÜKYÜRÜK, Galip Zihni SANUS
Kartum TA, Küçükyürük B, Sanus GZ. Surgical management of Bell’s palsy. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.82-5.
Facial Synkinesia, Spasms and Dystonia
Furkan ASAN, Bengi Gül TÜRK, Meral KIZILTAN
Asan F, Türk BG, Kızıltan M. Facial synkinesia, spasms and dystonia. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.86-102.
Surgical Treatment of Facial Dystonia and Facial Spasms
Burak TAHMAZOĞLU, Cihan İŞLER
Tahmazoğlu B, İşler C. Surgical treatment of facial dystonia and facial spasms. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.103-7.
Management of Temporal Bone Fractures
Harun CANSIZ, Zülküf Burak ERDUR
Cansız H, Erdur ZB. Management of temporal bone fractures. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.108-14.
Management of the Intratemporal Facial Nerve Injury
Kadir Serkan ORHAN, Levent AYDEMİR, Said SÖNMEZ
Orhan KS, Aydemir L, Sönmez S. Management of the intratemporal facial nerve injury. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.115-22.
Management of the Extratemporal Facial Nerve Injury
Mehmet Veli KARAALTIN, Ayşegül BATIOĞLU KARAALTIN
Karaaltın MV, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A. Management of the extratemporal facial nerve injury. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.123-6.
Late Decompression in Acute Facial Paralysis After Temporal Bone Fracture: Is Surgery Needed?
Taner TANRIVERDİ, Galip Zihni SANUS
Tanrıverdi T, Sanus GZ. Late Decompression in acute facial paralysis after temporal bone fracture: Is surgery needed?. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.127-32.
Management of Traumatic Injury of the Facial Nerve: XII./VII. Cranial Nerve Anastomosis
Orkhan ALİZADA, Mustafa Onur ULU
Alizada O, Ulu MO. Management of traumatic injury of the facial nerve: XII./VII. cranial nerve anastomosis. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.133-8.
Delayed Facial Paralysis: Notes on Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment
Taner TANRIVERDİ
Tanrıverdi T. Delayed facial paralysis: Notes on etiology, diagnosis and treatment. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.139-43.
Delayed Facial Nerve Paralysis After Head Trauma without Temporal Bone Fracture
Barış KÜÇÜKYÜRÜK, Gülçin BAŞ, Galip Zihni SANUS
Küçükyürük B, Baş G, Sanus GZ. Delayed facial nerve paralysis after head trauma without temporal bone fracture. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.144-7.
Management of Facial Nerve Tumors (Facial Nerve Schwannoma)
Hüseyin BİÇEROĞLU, Cihat KARAGÖZ
Biçeroğlu H, Karagöz C. Management of facial nerve tumors (facial nerve Schwannoma). In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.148-51.
Management of the Facial Nerve in Jugular Paraganglioma Surgery
Ayşegül BATIOĞLU KARAALTIN, Fırat TEVETOĞLU, Harun CANSIZ
Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, Tevetoğlu F, Cansız H. Management of the facial nerve in jugular paraganglioma surgery. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.152-8.
The Middle Cranial Fossa Approach
Alperen KAYA, Tufan Agah KARTUM, Necmettin TANRIÖVER
Kaya A, Kartum TA, Tanrıöver N. The middle cranial fossa approach. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.159-65.
Management of the Facial Nerve in Skull Base Surgery: Presigmoid Approach from Neurosurgeon’s Perspective
Burak ÖZAYDIN, Abdullah KELEŞ, Mustafa K. BAŞKAYA
Özaydın B, Keleş A, Başkaya MK. Management of the facial nerve in skull base surgery: Presigmoid approach from neurosurgeon’s perspective. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.166-75.
Management of the Facial Nerve in Skull Base Surgery: Retrosigmoid Approach
Semih Can ÇETİNTAŞ, Rahşan KEMERDERE
Çetintaş SC, Kemerdere R. Management of the facial nerve in skull base surgery: Retrosigmoid approach. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.176-80.
Management of the Facial Nerve in Skull Base Surgery with Special Interest to Translabyrinthine Approach
Yıldırım Ahmet BAYAZIT
Bayazıt YA. Management of the facial nerve in skull base surgery with special interest to translabyrinthine approach. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.181-6.
Static Surgery Methods Applied in the Treatment of Facial Paralysis
Adnan ERDEM
Erdem A. Static surgery methods applied in the treatment of facial paralysis. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.187-91.
Lagophthalmos Correction Using Static Procedures
Melekber ÇAVUŞ ÖZKAN
Çavuş Özkan M. Lagophthalmos correction using static procedures. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.192-9.
Eyelid Reanimation in Facial Paralysis
Yavuz TULUY, Levent YOLERİ
Tuluy Y, Yoleri L. Eyelid reanimation in facial paralysis. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.200-4.
Facial Reanimation with Regional Functional Muscle Transfer: Perioral Reanimation with Temporal Muscle Transfer
Orhan ÖZTURAN
Özturan O. Facial reanimation with regional functional muscle transfer: Perioral reanimation with temporal muscle transfer. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.205-13.
Reanimation of Mouth Corner with Free Gracilis Muscle Flap
Serdar NASIR, Alaz ÇIRAK
Nasır S, Çırak A. Reanimation of mouth corner with free gracilis muscle flap. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.214-8.
Functional Serratus Anterior Muscle Transplantation to Improve Smile in Long-Standing Facial Paralysis
Levent YOLERİ, Yavuz TULUY
Yoleri L, Tuluy Y. Functional serratus anterior muscle transplantation to improve smile in long-standing facial paralysis. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.219-24.
The Concept of Three Corner Approach in Facial Reanimation; Restore the Balance, Restore the Volume and Restore the Animation
Mehmet Veli KARAALTIN, Ahmet Hamdi SAKARYA, Cem PAYASLI
Karaaltın MV, Sakarya AH, Payaslı C. The concept of three corner approach in facial reanimation; restore the balance, restore the volume and restore the animation. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.225-37.
Facial Paralysis Sequel Treatment with Botulinum Toxin and Fillers
Hasan Ahmet ÖZDOĞAN, Begüm Bahar YILMAZ, Gamze ÇİFTÇİ
Özdoğan HA, Yılmaz BB, Çiftçi G. Facial paralysis sequel treatment with Botulinum toxin and fillers. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.238-43.
Management of Ocular Problems After Facial Nerve Palsy
Ceyhun ARICI, Burak MERGEN
Arıcı C, Mergen B. Management of ocular problems after facial nerve palsy. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.244-9.
Rehabilitation of Facial Nerve Palsy
Deniz PALAMAR
Palamar D. Rehabilitation of facial nerve palsy. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.250-5.
Experimental Strategies and Current Perspectives in Facial Nerve Regeneration
Ayşegül BATIOĞLU KARAALTIN, Olga Nehir ÖZTEL, Tuncay ÇAKMAK
Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, Öztel ON, Çakmak T. Experimental strategies and current perspectives in facial nerve regeneration. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.256-64.
Medicolegal Problems in Facial Paralysis
Gökhan ORAL
Oral G. Medicolegal problems in facial paralysis. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.265-8.
On Perception of Facial Expression and Its Influence on Human Psyche
Mustafa UZAN
Uzan M. On perception of facial expression and its influence on human psyche. In: Sanus GZ, Batıoğlu Karaaltın A, eds. Surgical Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.269-70.