CURRENT CONCEPTS IN ADULTS UPPER EXTREMITY FRACTURES

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ANATOMY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND CLASSIFICATION OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURES

Eşref Terzi

Medicalpark Göztepe Hospital, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, İstanbul, Türkiye

Terzi E. Anatomy, Epidemiology, and Classification of Proximal Humerus Fractures. In: Tiftikçi U, Erdoğan E, Ergün C, Güneş Z, editors. Current Concepts in Adults Upper Extremity Fractures. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.17-23.

ABSTRACT

The proximal humerus is the uppermost part of the arm bone, which plays a significant role in forming the shoulder joint. These fractures are frequently observed in older adults, typically occurring due to low-energy impacts, such as falls from a standing position. In younger individuals, however, these fractures are more often associated with high-energy trauma, such as those caused by road accidents or intense physical activities. Proper management of proximal humerus fractures are essential for satisfactory shoulder range of motion, adequate pain control and minimize the risk of avascular necrosis of the head. For this reason, several classification systems have been developed as an attempt to describe the fractures involving this region and to draw an outline for treatment principals. Understanding the classification of proximal humerus fractures is critical in formulating effective treatment plans and predicting recovery outcomes. Recovery from a proximal humerus fracture can take several months, and the outcome depends on factors such as the severity of the fracture, the type of treatment whether conservative or surgical, and the patient’s overall health. Physical therapy plays a crucial role in rehabilitation, helping to restore range of motion and strength. While many patients make a full recovery, some may experience long-term limitations in shoulder function. This section provides an overview of the anatomy, epidemiology, and common classification systems used for these fractures.

Keywords: Proximal humerus fractures; Anatomy; Epidemiology; Classification; Treatment options

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