Approach to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Complications

cocukgogus-4-3-2023-kapak

Sinem CAN OKSAYa , Saniye GİRİTa

aİstanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Chest Diseases, İstanbul, Türkiye

ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant health concern, particularly among children and adolescents, constituting about 11% of global TB cases. This article provides an in-depth analysis of complications associated with TB, including their clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. Pulmonary complications encompass a range of conditions, such as bronchial involvement, tracheobronchitis, laryngeal TB, endobronchial disease, bronchiectasis, pleural effusion, pulmonary hemorrhage. Extra-pulmonary complications include dactylitis, clubbing, amyloidosis, cor pulmonale, hyponatremia, and complications arising from delayed hypersensitivity reactions like Immun reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), erythema nodosum, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, and broncholithiasis. Additionally, post-TB lung disease can affect an individual’s lung capacity trajectory, leading to respiratory challenges in adulthood. The article underscores the importance of early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and monitoring for potential complications in the management of TB, especially in pediatric cases. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for further research and comprehensive studies to enhance our understanding of these complications and their long-term implications.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, pulmonary; complications; child

Referanslar

  1. WHO. WHO: Operational Handbook on Tuberculosis.; 2022.
  2. Cameron LH SJ. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In: Kliegman RM SBStGJSNBR, ed. Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics. Vol 2. 19th ed. Elsevier; 2011:6310-6368.
  3. Kara F. Türkiye'de tüberkülozun durumu ve tüberküloz kontrolünün amaçları. In: Kara F, ed. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Tüberküloz Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi. 2. Baskı. Artı6 Medya Tanıtım Matbaa; 2019:3-8.
  4. Allwood BW, Byrne A, Meghji J, Rachow A, Van Der Zalm MM, Schoch OD. Post-Tuberculosis Lung Disease: Clinical Review of an Under-Recognised Global Challenge. Respiration. 2021;100(8):751-63. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  5. Seddon JA, Chiang SS, Esmail H, Coussens AK. The wonder years: What can primary school children teach us about immunity to mycobacterium tuberculosis? Front Immunol. 2018;9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  6. Chan JYC, Stern DA, Guerra S, Wright AL, Morgan WJ, Martinez FD. Pneumonia in childhood and impaired lung function in adults: A longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4):607-16. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  7. Gray DM, Turkovic L, Willemse L, et al. Lung function in African infants in the Drakenstein child health study impact of lower respiratory tract illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(2):212-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  8. Fauroux B, Simões EAF, Checchia PA, et al. The Burden and Long-term Respiratory Morbidity Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Early Childhood. Infect Dis Ther. 2017;6(2):173-97. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  9. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS. The natural history of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis: a critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8(4):392-402.
  10. Stocks J, Hislop A, Sonnappa S. Early lung development: Lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1(9):728-42. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  11. Nachiappan AC, Rahbar K, Shi X, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis: Role of radiology in diagnosis and management. Radiographics. 2017;37(1):52-72. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  12. Can D. Çocukluk çağında tüberküloz. Primer tüberküloz komplikasyonları. In: Özçelik U. KEER ,Gürkan F, ed. Toraks Kitapları, Vol 23. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri Ltd.Şti; 2017. p. 25-6.
  13. Kara F. Akciğer tüberkülozu tanısı. In: Kara F, ed. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Tüberküloz Tanı ve Tedavi Rehber. 2. Baskı. Artı6 Medya Tanıtım Matbaa; 2019:33-52.
  14. García-Martínez L, Laín Fernández A, Iglesias-Serrano I. Endobronchial tuberculosis in children: Defining the role of interventional bronchoscopy. l. Nov;57(11): . Pediatr Pulmono. 2022;57(11):2688-95. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  15. Curvo-Semedo L, Teixeira L, Caseiro-Alves F. Tuberculosis of the chest. Eur J Radiol. 2005;55(2):158-72. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  16. Kamarudin NA, Yeoh XY, Ibrahim MZ, Ab Rahman WI, Azman M. Challenges in the Management of Laryngo-Tracheo-Bronchial Stenosis Secondary to Tuberculosis. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2022;74:2652-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  17. Sharma S, Rana AK. Ent manifestations of tuberculosis: An important aspect of ent practice. Pan African Medical Journal. 2020;36:1-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  18. Kulkarni NS, Gopal GS, Ghaisas SG, Gupte NA. Epidemiological Considerations and Clinical Features of ENT Tuberculosis. Vol 115.; 2001. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  19. Rajasekaran V., Srividhya G. A clinical study on laryngeal manifestations of tuberculosis. Int J otorhinolaryngol head neck surg . 2017;3:845-8. [Crossref]
  20. Dey A, Shah I. Infantile endobronchial tuberculosis. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(1):299. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  21. Kim Y, Kim K, Joe J, et al. Changes in the levels of interferon-γ and transforming growth factor-β influence bronchial stenosis during the treatment of endobronchial tuberculosis. Respiration. 2007;74(2):202-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  22. Samardžić N, Jovanović D, Marković-Denić L, Roksandić-Milenković M, Popević S, Škodrić-Trifunović V. Kliničke karakteristike endobronhijalne tuberkuloze. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2014;71(2):156-60.
  23. Shaw JA, Koegelenberg CFN. Pleural Tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med . 2021;42(4):649-66. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  24. Jean-Baptiste E. Management of hemoptysis in the emergency department. Hospital physician. 2005;41(1):53-9.
  25. Seyyedi SR, Tabarsi P, Sadr M, et al. Bronchial Angioembolization for Management of Hemoptysis Due to Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Tanaffos. 2021;20(2):134-9.
  26. Remy J, Remy-Jardin M., Voisin C.. Endovascular management of bronchial bleeding. Lung biology in health and disease. 1992;57:667-723.
  27. Revel MP, Fournier MS, Hennebicque AS. Can CT replace bronchoscopy in the detection of the site and cause of bleeding in patients with large or massive hemoptysis. AJR. 2002;179:1217-24. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  28. Lordan JL, Gascoigne A, Corris P. A. "The pulmonary physician in critical care• Illustrative case 7: Assessment and management of massive haemoptysis.". Thorax. 2003;58(9):814-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  29. Gregorio MA, Medrano J, Mainar A. Endovascular treatment of massive hemoptysis by bronchial artery embolization: short-term and long-term follow-up over a 15-year period. Arch Bronconeumol. 2006;42:49-56. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  30. Özgen Alpaydın A, Çelik P, Gülcü A. Masif Hemoptizi ile Bulgu Veren Bilateral Tüberküloz Olgusu/A Case of Bilateral Tuberculosis with a Presenting Symptom of Massive Haemoptysis." Turk Toraks Dergisi. 2009;10(2):94-7.
  31. Li T, Li YH, Zhang M. Bronchial tuberculosis with recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax: A case report. BMC Pulm Med. 2023;23(1):93. Erratum in: BMC Pulm Med. 2023;23(1):204. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  32. Baumann MH, Sahn SA. Medical management and therapy of bronchopleural fistulas in the mechanically ventilated patient. Chest. 1990;97(3):721-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  33. Goussard P, Gie RP, Kling S, et al. Fibrin glue closure of persistent bronchopleural fistula following pneumonectomy for post-tuberculosis bronchiectasis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;43(7):721-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  34. Baijal R, Ramegowda PKH, Jain M, Gupta D, Shah N, Kulkarni S. Clinical profile and management of tuberculous bronchoesophageal fistula. Journal of Digestive Endoscopy. 2013;04(04):103-6. [Crossref]
  35. Lado Lado FL, Golpe Gó Mez A, Cabarcos Ortíz De Barró A, Antú Nez Ló Pez JR. Bronchoesophageal Fistulae Secondary to Tuberculosis.; 2002. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  36. Sudarsan TI, Thomas L, Samprathi A, et al. Tuberculous ARDS is associated with worse outcome when compared with non-tuberculous infectious ARDS. J Crit Care. 2021;61:138-43. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  37. Kara F. Akciğer Dışı Tüberküloz. In: Kara F, ed. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Tüberküloz Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi. 2. Baskı. Artı6 Medya Tanıtım Matbaa; 2019:97-108.
  38. Sharma SK, Mohan A. Miliary Tuberculosis. Published online 2017. [Crossref]  [PMC]
  39. Sharma SK, Mohan A, Banga A. Predictors of development and outcome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10(4):429-35.
  40. Saroa R, Palta S, Aggarwal D. Worsening acute respiratory distress syndrome: Is it immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome? Indian J Crit Care Med. 2013;17(6):395-406. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  41. Meyer NJ, Gattinoni L, Calfee CS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Lancet. 2021;398(10300):622-37. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  42. Esmedlyaeva DS, Alekseeva NP, Novitskaya TA. Inflammatory activity and markers of extracellular matrix destruction in pulmonary tuberculoma. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2020;19(2):112-9. [Crossref]
  43. Goussard P, Eber E, Rabie H, Nel P, Schubert P. Paediatric pulmonary actinomycosis: A forgotten disease. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2022;43:2-10. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  44. Goussard P, Gie R, Kling S. Thoracic actinomycosis mimicking primary tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18(5):473-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  45. Essouma M, Nkeck JR, Agbor VN. Epidemiology of Digital Clubbing and Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2022;28(2):104-10. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  46. Callemeyn J, Van Haecke P, Peetermans WE, Blockmans D. Clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: insights in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and clinical significance. Acta Clinica Belgica: International Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine. 2016;71(3):123-30. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  47. Ahmed S, Nasir H, Moatasim A, Khalil F. Renal Amyloidosis: A Clinicopathological Study From a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan. Cureus. Published online January 11, 2022. [Crossref]
  48. Tank SJ, Chima RS, Shah V, Malik S, Joshi S, Mazumdar RH. Renal amyloidosis following tuberculosis. Indian J Pediatr. 2000;67(9):679-81. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  49. Budev MM, Arroliga AC, Wiedemann HP, Matthay RA. Cor pulmonale: an overview. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;24(3):233-44. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  50. Verma AK. Tuberculosis and pulmonary hypertension: Commentary. Lung India. 2016;33(2):232-3. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  51. Numanoğlu N. Tüberküloz komplikasyonları. 21.Yüzyılda Tüberküloz Sempozyumu ve II.Tüberküloz Tanı Yöntemleri Kurs Kitabı. 2. Baskı. 2003. p. 88-92.
  52. Palamit A, Tovichien P, Amornsitthiwat R. Tuberculosis-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-negative children. Respirol Case Rep. 2022;10(5). [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  53. Kara F. Akciğer Tüberkülozu Tanısı. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Tüberküloz Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi. 2nd ed. Artı6 Medya Tanıtım Matbaa; 2019. p.155-60.
  54. Quinn CM, Poplin V, Kasibante J, et al. Tuberculosis iris: Pathogenesis, presentation, and management across the spectrum of disease. Life. 2020;10(11):1-26. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  55. Van Rie A, Sawry S, Link-Gelles R, et al. Paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(2):157-64. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  56. Vignesh R, Balakrishnan P, Tan HY, et al. Tuberculosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome-An Extempore Game of Misfiring with Defense Arsenals. Pathogens. 2023;12(2). [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  57. Meintjes G, Skolimowska KH, Wilkinson KA, et al. Corticosteroid-modulated immune activation in the tuberculosis immune reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(4):369-77. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  58. Balyan M, Malhotra C, Jain A. Multifocal phlyctenular conjunctivitis in association with pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67(7):1177. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  59. Dean P, Berger T, Matt M, Schlaudecker E, Riney L. An Unexpected Cause of Conjunctivitis in an Adolescent. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2020;59(13):1202-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  60. Del Fabbro E. Combination therapy in cachexia. Ann Palliat Med. 2019;8(1):59-66. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  61. Turcott JG, Oñate-Ocaña LF, Soca-Chafre G, et al. FAACT-Anorexia Cachexia Scale: Cutoff Value for Anorexia Diagnosis in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Nutr Cancer. 2019;71(3):409-17. [Crossref]  [PubMed]