Approach to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Complications

Sinem CAN OKSAYa , Saniye GİRİTa

aİstanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Chest Diseases, İstanbul, Türkiye

ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant health concern, particularly among children and adolescents, constituting about 11% of global TB cases. This article provides an in-depth analysis of complications associated with TB, including their clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. Pulmonary complications encompass a range of conditions, such as bronchial involvement, tracheobronchitis, laryngeal TB, endobronchial disease, bronchiectasis, pleural effusion, pulmonary hemorrhage. Extra-pulmonary complications include dactylitis, clubbing, amyloidosis, cor pulmonale, hyponatremia, and complications arising from delayed hypersensitivity reactions like Immun reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), erythema nodosum, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, and broncholithiasis. Additionally, post-TB lung disease can affect an individual’s lung capacity trajectory, leading to respiratory challenges in adulthood. The article underscores the importance of early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and monitoring for potential complications in the management of TB, especially in pediatric cases. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for further research and comprehensive studies to enhance our understanding of these complications and their long-term implications.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, pulmonary; complications; child

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