Biochemistry of Inflammation: Its Mediators and Activities

biyomedikalozel5-1-24kapak

Alper Baran SÖZMENa , Eser YILDIRIM SÖZMENb
aİzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Bioengineering, İzmir, Türkiye
bİzmir Tınaztepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, İzmir, Türkiye

Sözmen AB, Yıldırım Sözmen E. Biochemistry of inflammation: Its mediators and activities. In: Koçdor H, Pabuççuoğlu A, Zihnioğlu F, eds. Inflammation and in vitro Diagnostics. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2024. p.6-12.

Article Language: EN

ABSTRACT
Inflammation is a process which aims to protect the host against bacteria, viruses, and infections; it is executed by both immune and non-immune cells. Acute inflammatory response is mainly driven by mast cells which release histamine, bradykinin, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Interleukin1 (IL-1) subsequently resulting in vasodilation by nitric oxide and vascular leakage of leucocytes and activation of complement and clotting system. The foreign agent undergoes phagocytosis and is rendered harmless by increased concentration oxygen radical and nitric oxide. However, various factors such as aging, obesity, stress, environmental factors lead to low-grade ”sterile” induction of inflammation and it’s defined as chronic systemic inflammation (CSI). Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and/or Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activate inflammatory response by binding to Pattern Recognition Receptors (mannose binding receptor, scavenger receptor, Toll-like receptor, Gprotein receptor etc). The main distinction of CSI from acute inflammatory response is that CSI involve the immune attack and activated macrophages. Classically activated macrophages release many cytokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases. Altogether these effects might lead to tissue damage and result in chronic inflammatory diseases.

Keywords: Inflammation; pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs); damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); nuclear factor kappa B

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