Climate Change and Adolescent Depression and Mood Disorders

Doğa SEVİNÇOKa , Müge KARAGÖZ ÇETİNERb

aBalıklı Greek Hospital, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, İstanbul, Türkiye
bAydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aydın, Türkiye

ABSTRACT
Climate change is affecting many aspects of life as a significant existential threat. Adverse events resulting from climate change can lead to natural disasters and, consequently, traumatic experiences. The child and adolescent age group constitute a more vulnerable period due to various developmental and environmental factors. Mood disorders, primarily depression and bipolar disorder, are conditions that can lead to significant functional impairments in children and adolescents. Depression in adolescents arises from the interaction between biological vulnerability and environmental factors. Climate change-related natural disasters, temperature fluctuations, migration phenomena, and the concept of solastalgia can be factors that increase susceptibility to depression in children and adolescents. Bipolar disorder and climate change have been identified as an important research area, with limited studies conducted. Mental health professionals working with children and adolescents need to contribute to effective interventions and solutions while also receiving training on addressing climate change-related mental health issues.
Keywords: Adolescent; bipolar disorder; child; climate change; depression

Referanslar

  1. Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Belesova K, Boykoff M, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet. 2019;394(10211):1836-78. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  2. Clemens V, von Hirschhausen E, Fegert JM. Report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change: implications for the mental health policy of children and adolescents in Europe-a scoping review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;31(5):701-13. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  3. APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association; 2013. [Crossref]
  4. Sachs GS, Thase ME, Otto MW, Bauer M, Miklowitz D, Wisniewski SR, et al. Rationale, design, and methods of the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53(11):1028-42. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  5. Xu Z, Sheffield PE, Hu W, Su H, Yu W, Qi X, et al. Climate change and children's health-A call for research on what works to protect children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(9):3298-316. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  6. Rey JM, Tolulope T BA, Liu J. Depression in children and adolescents. In: Rey JM, editor. IACAPAP Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2015 Editi. IACAPAP; 2015.
  7. Majeed H, Lee J. The impact of climate change on youth depression and mental health. Lancet Planet Heal. 2017;1(3):e94-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  8. Xu W, Yuan G, Liu Z, Zhou Y, An Y. Prevalence and predictors of PTSD and depression among adolescent victims of the Summer 2016 tornado in Yancheng City. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2018;32(5):777-81. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  9. Adebäck P, Schulman A, Nilsson D. Children exposed to a natural disaster: psychological consequences eight years after 2004 tsunami. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018;72(1):75-81. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  10. Liang Y, Cheng J, Ruzek JI, Liu Z. Posttraumatic stress disorder following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: A 10-year systematic review among highly exposed populations in China. J Affect Disord. 2019;243:327-39. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  11. Tang B, Liu X, Liu Y, Xue C, Zhang L. A meta-analysis of risk factors for depression in adults and children after natural disasters. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:623. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  12. Liang Y, Zhou Y, Liu Z. Consistencies and differences in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression trajectories from the Wenchuan earthquake among children over a 4-year period. J Affect Disord. 2021;279:9-16. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  13. Waite TD, Chaintarli K, Beck CR, Bone A, Amlôt R, Kovats S, et al. The English national cohort study of flooding and health: cross-sectional analysis of mental health outcomes at year one. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):129. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  14. Felix ED, Afifi TD, Horan SM, Meskunas H, Garber A. Why Family Communication Matters: the Role of Co-rumination and Topic Avoidance in Understanding Post-Disaster Mental Health. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2020;48(11):1511-24. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  15. An Y, Huang J, Chen Y, Deng Z. Longitudinal cross-lagged relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in adolescents following the Yancheng tornado in China. Psychol Trauma Theory, Res Pract Policy. 2019;11(7):760-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  16. Orengo-Aguayo R, Stewart RW, de Arellano MA, Suárez-Kindy JL, Young J. Disaster Exposure and Mental Health Among Puerto Rican Youths After Hurricane Maria. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(4):e192619. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  17. Brown MRG, Agyapong V, Greenshaw AJ, Cribben I, Brett-MacLean P, Drolet J, et al. Significant PTSD and Other Mental Health Effects Present 18 Months After the Fort Mcmurray Wildfire: Findings From 3,070 Grades 7-12 Students. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  18. Lykins AD, Parsons M, Craig BM, Cosh SM, Hine DW, Murray C. Australian Youth Mental Health and Climate Change Concern After the Black Summer Bushfires. Ecohealth. 2023;20(1):3-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  19. La Greca AM, Lai BS, Joormann J, Auslander BB, Short MA. Children's risk and resilience following a natural disaster: Genetic vulnerability, posttraumatic stress, and depression. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(3):860-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  20. Aguilera M, Arias B, Wichers M, Barrantes-Vidal N, Moya J, Villa H, et al. Early adversity and 5-HTT/BDNF genes: new evidence of gene-environment interactions on depressive symptoms in a general population. Psychol Med. 2009;39(9):1425-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  21. Chan E, Lam H, So S, Goggins W, Ho J, Liu S, et al. Association between Ambient Temperatures and Mental Disorder Hospitalizations in a Subtropical City: A Time-Series Study of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(4):754. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  22. Taylor L, Watkins SL, Marshall H, Dascombe BJ, Foster J. The Impact of Different Environmental Conditions on Cognitive Function: A Focused Review. Front Physiol. 2016;6. [Crossref]
  23. Barron H, Hafizi S, Andreazza A, Mizrahi R. Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Psychosis and Psychosis Risk. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(3):651. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  24. Lee W, Moon M, Kim GH, Lee HT, Oh SM. Heat stress-induced memory impairment is associated with neuroinflammation in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12(1):1-13. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  25. Chen NT, Lin PH, Guo YLL. Long-term exposure to high temperature associated with the incidence of major depressive disorder. Sci Total Environ. 2019;659:1016-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  26. Basu R, Gavin L, Pearson D, Ebisu K, Malig B. Examining the Association Between Apparent Temperature and Mental Health-Related Emergency Room Visits in California. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(4):726-35. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  27. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Kavanaugh M, Block M, D'Angiulli A, Delgado-Chávez R, Torres-Jardón R, et al. Neuroinflammation, Hyperphosphorylated Tau, Diffuse Amyloid Plaques, and Down-Regulation of the Cellular Prion Protein in Air Pollution Exposed Children and Young Adults. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2012;28(1):93-107. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  28. Bos I, Jacobs L, Nawrot TS, de Geus B, Torfs R, Int Panis L, et al. No exercise-induced increase in serum BDNF after cycling near a major traffic road. Neurosci Lett. 2011;500(2):129-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  29. Nolan MS, Hause AM, Murray KO. Findings of Long-Term Depression up to 8 Years Post Infection From West Nile Virus. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(7):801-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  30. Berry HL, Bowen K, Kjellstrom T. Climate change and mental health: a causal pathways framework. Int J Public Health. 2010;55(2):123-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  31. Cianconi P, Betrò S, Janiri L. The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health: A Systematic Descriptive Review. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  32. Dean JG, Stain HJ. Mental health impact for adolescents living with prolonged drought. Aust J Rural Health. 2010;18(1):32-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  33. Berry HL, Hogan A, Owen J, Rickwood D, Fragar L. Climate Change and Farmers' Mental Health: Risks and Responses. Asia Pacific J Public Heal. 2011;23(2_suppl):119S-32S. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  34. Adger WN, Barnett J, Brown K, Marshall N, O'Brien K. Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation. Nat Clim Chang. 2013;3(2):112-7. [Crossref]
  35. Snodgrass JG, Upadhyay C, Debnath D, Lacy MG. The mental health costs of human displacement: A natural experiment involving indigenous Indian conservation refugees. World Dev Perspect. 2016;2(September):25-33. [Crossref]
  36. Albrecht G, Sartore GM, Connor L, Higginbotham N, Freeman S, Kelly B, et al. Solastalgia: The Distress Caused by Environmental Change. Australas Psychiatry. 2007;15(1_suppl):S95-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  37. Ellis NR, Albrecht GA. Climate change threats to family farmers' sense of place and mental wellbeing: A case study from the Western Australian Wheatbelt. Soc Sci Med. 2017;175:161-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  38. Bryan A. Affective pedagogies: Foregrounding emotion in climate change education. Policy Pract. 2020;2020(30):8-30.
  39. Sanson AV, Burke SEL, Van Hoorn J. Climate Change: Implications for Parents and Parenting. Parenting. 2018;18(3):200-17. [Crossref]
  40. Bratman GN, Anderson CB, Berman MG, Cochran B, de Vries S, Flanders J, et al. Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective. Sci Adv. 2019;5(7). [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  41. Bratman GN, Hamilton JP, Hahn KS, Daily GC, Gross JJ. Nature experience reduces rumination and subgenual prefrontal cortex activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2015;112(28):8567-72. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  42. Woo J, Tang N, Suen E, Leung J, Wong M. Green space, psychological restoration, and telomere length. Lancet. 2009;373(9660):299-300. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  43. Gascon M, Sánchez-Benavides G, Dadvand P, Martínez D, Gramunt N, Gotsens X, et al. Long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces and anxiety and depression in adults: A cross-sectional study. Environ Res. 2018;162:231-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  44. Barkin JL, Buoli M, Curry CL, Esenwein SA, Upadhyay S, Kearney MB, et al. Effects of extreme weather events on child mood and behavior. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2021;63(7):785-90. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  45. Young AH, Juruena MF. The Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder. 2020. p. 1-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  46. Brewerton TD, Putnam KT, Lewine RRJ, Risch SC. Seasonality of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite concentrations and their associations with meteorological variables in humans. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;99:76-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  47. Stöllberger C, Lutz W, Finsterer J. Heat-related side-effects of neurological and non-neurological medication may increase heatwave fatalities. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(7):879-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  48. Cusack L, de Crespigny C, Athanasos P. Heatwaves and their impact on people with alcohol, drug and mental health conditions: a discussion paper on clinical practice considerations. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67(4):915-22. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  49. Cretu JB, Culver JL, Goffin KC, Shah S, Ketter TA. Sleep, residual mood symptoms, and time to relapse in recovered patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:162-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  50. Santillanes G, Axeen S, Lam CN, Menchine M. National trends in mental health-related emergency department visits by children and adults, 2009-2015. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(12):2536-44. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  51. Niu L, Girma B, Liu B, Schinasi LH, Clougherty JE, Sheffield P. Temperature and mental health-related emergency department and hospital encounters among children, adolescents and young adults. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2023;32:e22. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  52. Sung TI, Chen MJ, Su HJ. A positive relationship between ambient temperature and bipolar disorder identified using a national cohort of psychiatric inpatients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(2):295-302. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  53. Medici CR, Vestergaard CH, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Munk-Jørgensen P, Parker G. Seasonal variations in hospital admissions for mania: Examining for associations with weather variables over time. J Affect Disord. 2016;205:81-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed]