Cushing Syndrome

aciltip-10-2-kapak-wos

Elif ELHAKANa , Habibe Selmin ÖZENSOYa

aAnkara Bilkent City Hospital, Clinic of Emergency Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye

ABSTRACT
Cushing’s syndrome occurs as a result of chronic exposure to excessive glucocorticoids. Diagnosis is often difficult. It is important to recognize symptoms at early onset; thus, treatment can be started as soon as possible to prevent the progression of symptoms, morbidity and mortality. There are many tests available for this. Treatment for Cushing’s syndrome; There are multiple approches depending on the cause; such as medical agents, surgical resection, and radiotherapy. Although recognition of Cushing’s syndrome is possible with the presence of some symptoms and findings, many of them are nonspecific.
Keywords: Emergency service, hospital; Cushing syndrome; glucocorticoid overdose

Referanslar

  1. Lacroix A, Feelders RA, Stratakis CA, Nieman LK. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2015;386(9996):913-27. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  2. Lacroix A, Ndiaye N, Tremblay J, Hamet P. Ectopic and abnormal hormone receptors in adrenal Cushing's syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(1):75-110. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  3. Mann M, Koller E, Murgo A, Malozowski S, Bacsanyi J, Leinung M. Glucocorticoidlike activity of megestrol. A summary of Food and Drug Administration experience and a review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157 (15):1651-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  4. Reincke M, Fleseriu M. Cushing Syndrome: A Review. JAMA. 2023;330(2): 170-81. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  5. Ragnarsson O, Olsson DS, Chantzichristos D, Papakokkinou E, Dahlqvist P, Segerstedt E, et al. The incidence of Cushing's disease: a nationwide Swedish study. Pituitary. 2019;22(2):179-86. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  6. Ragnarsson O, Olsson DS, Papakokkinou E, Chantzichristos D, Dahlqvist P, Segerstedt E, et al. Overall and Disease-Specific Mortality in Patients With Cushing Disease: A Swedish Nationwide Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(6):2375-84. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  7. Hakami OA, Ahmed S, Karavitaki N. Epidemiology and mortality of Cushing's syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35(1):101521. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  8. Dekkers OM, Horváth-Puhó E, Jørgensen JO, Cannegieter SC, Ehrenstein V, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. Multisystem morbidity and mortality in Cushing's syndrome: a cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(6):2277-84. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  9. Nieman LK. Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome in the Modern Era. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2018;47(2):259-73. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  10. Rubinstein G, Osswald A, Hoster E, Losa M, Elenkova A, Zacharieva S, et al. Time to Diagnosis in Cushing's Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis Based on 5367 Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(3):dgz136. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  11. Chaudhry HS, Singh G. Cushing Syndrome. [Updated 2023 Jun 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-.
  12. Vitale G, Tortora F, Baldelli R, Cocchiara F, Paragliola RM, Sbardella E, et al. Group. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in Cushing's disease. Endocrine. 2017;55(3):691-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  13. Raff H, Carroll T. Cushing's syndrome: from physiological principles to diagnosis and clinical care. J Physiol. 2015;593(3):493-506. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  14. Balomenaki M, Margaritopulos D,Vassiliadi DA, Tsagarakis S. Cushing'in teşhis çalışmasısendromu.J Nöroendokrinol. 2022;34(8):e13111.
  15. Pivonello R, De Martino MC, De Leo M, Lombardi G, Colao A. Cushing's Syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37(1):135-49, ix. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  16. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Murad MH, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Tabarin A; Endocrine Society. Treatment of Cushing's Syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(8):2807-31. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  17. Kaltsas GA, Mukherjee JJ, Plowman PN, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Besser GM. The role of cytotoxic chemotherapy in the management of aggressive and malignant pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(12):4233-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  18. Jennings AS, Liddle GW, Orth DN. Results of treating childhood Cushing's disease with pituitary irradiation. N Engl J Med. 1977;297(18):957-62. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  19. Mehta GU, Ding D, Patibandla MR, Kano H, Sisterson N, Su YH, et al. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cushing Disease: Results of an International, Multicenter Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(11):4284-91. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  20. Chow JT, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Farley DR, Richards ML, Young WF Jr. Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy for corticotrophin-dependent Cushing's syndrome: a review of the Mayo Clinic experience. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008;68(4):513-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  21. Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, Ben-Shlomo A, Bertherat J, Biermasz NR, et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing's disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(12):847-75. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  22. Suarez MG, Stack M, Hinojosa-Amaya JM, Mitchell MD, Varlamov EV, Yedinak CG, et al. Hypercoagulability in Cushing Syndrome, Prevalence of Thrombotic Events: A Large, Single-Center, Retrospective Study. J Endocr Soc. 2019;4(2):bvz033. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  23. Clayton RN, Jones PW, Reulen RC, Stewart PM, Hassan-Smith ZK, Ntali G, et al. Mortality in patients with Cushing's disease more than 10 years after remission: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(7):569-76. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  24. Varlamov EV, Langlois F, Vila G, Fleseriu M. Management Of Endocrine Disease: Cardiovascular risk assessment, thromboembolism, and infection prevention in Cushing's syndrome: a practical approach. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;184(5):R207-24. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  25. Ntali G, Hakami O, Wattegama M, Ahmed S, Karavitaki N. Mortality of Patients with Cushing's Disease. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2021;129(3): 203-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  26. Mazziotti G, Frara S, Giustina A. Pituitary Diseases and Bone. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(4):440-88. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  27. Tritos NA. Growth hormone deficiency in adults with Cushing's disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35(2):101474. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  28. Feldt-Rasmussen U, Abs R, Bengtsson BA, Bennmarker H, Bramnert M, Hernberg-Ståhl E, et al. KIMS International Study Board of KIMS Study Group. Growth hormone deficiency and replacement in hypopituitary patients previously treated for acromegaly or Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;146(1):67-74. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  29. Shekhar S, McGlotten R, Auh S, Rother KI, Nieman LK. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Cushing Syndrome Before and After Curative Surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(3):e1316-31. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  30. Bride MM, Crespo I, Webb SM, Valassi E. Quality of life in Cushing's syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35(1):101505. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  31. Reincke M. Cushing Syndrome Associated Myopathy: It Is Time for a Change. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2021;36(3):564-71. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  32. Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, Melmed S, Murad MH, Salvatori R, et al. Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(11):3888-921. [Crossref]  [PubMed]