FROM NEUROSCIENCE LABORATORY TO NEUROLOGY CLINIC

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DIAGNOSIS OF MUSCLE DISEASES ND THE USE OF FUNCTIONAL NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (fNIRS)

Ebru Coşkun

İstanbul Health and Technology University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, İstanbul, Türkiye

Coşkun E. Diagnosis of Muscle Diseases and the Use of Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). In: Hanoğlu L, editor. From Neuroscience Laboratory to Neurology Clinic. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.1321.

ABSTRACT

Muscle diseases are a class of illnesses that share several pathologies and can be brought on by autoimmune, metabolic, inflammatory, toxic, or hereditary factors. Investigating the pathophysiological properties of diseases and developing appropriate diagnostic methods are essential for implementing appropriate therapeutic approaches and evaluating treatment effectiveness. Although anamnesis and clinical examination findings are still the most effective way to diagnose muscle diseases in routine practice, methods such as muscle electrophysiology, laboratory tests, and neuroimaging are important, especially for the differential diagnosis of complex muscle diseases. In recent years, another neuroimaging method, functional nearinfrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), has begun to assess muscle oxygenation during exercise or rest in healthy and pathological conditions. fNIRS is an opticalbased, noninvasive imaging method used to assess oxygenation in many tissues, such as the brain and muscle, since the 1980s. It provides information about the metabolic activity of the tissue through tissue oxygenation. The device sends light in the nearinfrared range through the source optode to the tissue to evaluate oxygenation change. Oxygencarrying chromophores (hemoglobin and myoglobin, respectively) found in blood and skeletal muscle absorb nearinfrared light sent to the tissue. Detector optodes collect the rays reflected back from the tissue, and the concentration change of oxygenated and deoxygenated chromophores in the tissue is determined according to the absorption amount. In recent years, its use in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions has become widespread. It is a promising approach, particularly for diagnosing muscle disorders, comprehending their etiology, and developing effective treatment plans.

Keywords: Muscle disease; Diagnosis; Functional nearinfrared spectroscopy; Skeletal muscle; Oxygenation

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