ANESTHESIOLOGY FAST REVIEW

ANESTHESIOLOGY_FAST_REVIEWKAPAK1-0-25

ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY

Adem Yalçınkaya

Dr. Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara, Türkiye

Yalçınkaya E. Endocrine Physiology. In: Kazancı D, editor. Anesthesiology Fast Review. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.65-78.

ABSTRACT

  • The endocrine system operates in conjunction with the neurological and immunological systems, representing the most extensive message system throughout the body.
  • The endocrine system comprises three fundamental components; endocrine glands, hormones, target organs. Hormonal receptors convey hormonal messages into the cell through several pathways.
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis links the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, regulating various hormones.
  • The hypothalamus secretes hormones such as corticotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, prolactin-releasing hormone, and dopamine.
  • The neurohypophysis comprises three components: the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, the supraoptic-pituitary tract, and the posterior pituitary.
  • Thyroid hormones are crucial throughout an individual’s lifespan, regulating the metabolic activity and function of nearly all organs.
  • PTH is the principal regulator of calcium and phosphate equilibrium in the human body. Insulin primarily functions to regulate glucose levels. It is a potent modulator of metabolic processes.
  • Glucagon purpose is to elevate glucose levels in the body.
  • Adrenal glands synthesizes hormones including aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

Keywords: Endocrine system; Hormones; Endocrine glands; Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis; Homeostasis

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