Endogen Enzymes: Protease

hayvan-besleme-10-1-kapak-wos-etiketsiz

Zehra SELÇUKa , Habip MURUZa

aOndokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Samsun, Türkiye

ABSTRACT
The main goal of enzyme use is the elimination of anti-nutritional factors in feed and the improving nutrient absorption from feed. Therefore, many studies are related to supplementing exogenous enzymes in poultry diets to improve the digestibility of nutrients, reduce diet costs, and lower environmental pollution because of undigestible nutrients. Proteases produced by microorganisms are classified as acidic or basic. Their functional groups and the location of the peptide bond are also used for categorization. Proteases can facilitate the utilization of proteins, mainly when feed ingredients are low quality and/or have low bioavailability. While the beneficial effects of proteases on growth performance are because of the enhanced protein digestibility and energy utilization, these effects may also result from favorable changes to gut health indicators in broilers. The addition of proteases to diets may cause increases in the apparent digestibility of amino acids and proteins in diets with reduced levels of protein in laying hens. This section includes some recent studies on supplementing proteases in poultry diets on performance, protein digestion, and intestinal morphometry.
Keywords: Protease; broiler; laying hens; digestibility; poultry; animal feed

Referanslar

  1. Kong C, Adeola O. Evaluation of amino acid and energy utilization in feedstuff for swine and poultry diets. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2014;27:917-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  2. Salominski BA. Recent advances in research on enzymes for poultry diets. Poult Sci. 2011;90:2013-33. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  3. Bedford MR, Apajalahti JH. The role of feed enzymes in maintaining poultry intestinal health. J Sci Food Agric. 2022;102:1759-70. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  4. Sacakli P, Sehu A, Ergün A, Genc B, Selcuk Z. The effect of phytase and organic acid on growth performance, carcass yield and tibia ssh in quails fed diets with low levels of non-phytate phosphorus. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 2006;19:198-202. [Crossref]
  5. Deniz G, Gencoglu H, Gezen SS, Turkmen II, Orman A, Kara C. Effects of feeding corn distiller' s dried grains with solubles with and without enzyme cocktail supplementation to laying hens on performance, egg quality, selected manure parameters, and feed cost. Livest Sci. 2013;152:174-81. [Crossref]
  6. Ravindran V. Feed enzymes: the science, practice, and metabolic realities. J Appl Poult Res. 2013;22:628-36. [Crossref]
  7. Whiting IM, Rose SP, Mackenzie AM, Amerah AM, Pirgozliev VR. Effect of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles and exogenous xylanase on laying hen performance and egg quality. Poult Sci. 2019; 98:3756-62. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  8. Nir I, Nitsan Z, Mahagna M. Comparative growth and development of the digestive organs and of some enzymes in broilerand egg type chicks after hatching. Br Poult Sci. 1993;34:523-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  9. Zanella I, Sakomura NK, Silverside FG, Fiqueirdo A, Pack M. Effect of enzyme supplementation of broiler Diets based on corn and soybeans. Poult Sci. 1999;78:561-75. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  10. Ndazigaruye G, Kim DH, Kang CW, Kang KR, Joo YJ, Lee SR, et al. Effects of low-protein diets and exogenous protease on growth performance, carcass traits, intestinal morphology, cecal volatile fatty acids and serum parameters in broilers. Animals. 2019;9 226. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  11. Torres DM, Teixeira AS, Rodrigues PB, Bertechini AG, Freitas RTFF, Santos EC. Eficiência das enzimas amilase, protease e xilanase sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Ciência e Agrotecnologia. 2003;27:1401-7. [Crossref]
  12. Giannenas I, Bonos E, Anestis V, Filioussis G, Papanastasiou DK, Bartzanas T, et al. Effects of protease addition and replacement of soybean meal by corn gluten meal on the growth of broilers and on the environmental performances of a broiler production system in greece. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0169511. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  13. Razzaq A, Shamsi S, Ali A, Ali Q, Sajjad M, Malik A, et al. Microbial proteases applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019;7:1-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  14. Jin SH, Corless A, Sell SL. Digestive system development in post-hatch poultry. Worlds Poult Sci J. 1998;54:335-45. [Crossref]
  15. Mahmood T, Mirza MA, Nawaz H, Shahid M. Effect of difference exogenous proteases on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass response in broiler chickens fed poultry by-product meal-based diets. Livest Sci. 2017a;200:71-5. [Crossref]
  16. Lee SA, Bedford MR, Walk CL. Meta-analysis: explicit value of mono-component proteases in monogastric diets. Poult Sci. 2018;97:2078-85. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  17. Angel CR, Saylor W, Vieira SL, Ward N. Effects of a monocomponent protease on performance and protein utilization in 7- to 22-day-old broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 2011;90:2281-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  18. Fru-Nji F, Kluenter AM, Fischer M, Pontoppidan K. A feed serine protease improves broiler performance and increases protein and energy digestibility. J Poult Sci. 2011;48:239-46. [Crossref]
  19. Ding XM, Li DD, Li ZR, Wang JP, Zeng QF, Bai SP, et al. Effects of dietary crude protein levels and exogenous protease on performance, nutrient digestibility, trypsin activity and intestinal morphology in broilers. Livest Sci. 2016;193:26-31. [Crossref]
  20. Stefanello C, Vieira SL, Rios HV, Simoes CT, Sorbara JOB. Energy and nutrient utilisation of broilers fed soybean meal from two different Brazilian production areas with an exogenous protease. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2016;221:267-73. [Crossref]
  21. Cowieson AJ, Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Pappenberger G, Ravindran V. The effect of a mono-component exogenous protease and graded concentrations of ascorbic acid on the performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal architecture of broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2018;235:128-37. [Crossref]
  22. Vieira SL, Angel CR, Miranda DJA, Favero A, Cruz RFA, Sorbara JOB. Effects of a monocomponent protease on performance and protein utilization in 1- to 26-day-of-age turkey poults. J Appl Poult Res. 2016;22:680-8. [Crossref]
  23. Jiang J, Wu H, Zhu D, Yang J, Huang J, Gao S, et al. Dietary supplementation with phytase and protease improves growth performance, serum metabolism status, and intestinal digestive enzyme activities in meat duck. Animals 2020;10:1-12. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  24. Wang QD, Zhang KY, Zhang Y, Bai SP, Ding XM, Wang JP, et al. Effects of dietary protein levels and protease supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acid in Pekin ducks fed a complex diet. Poult Sci. 2020;99:3557-66. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  25. Vieira BS, Barbosa SAPV, Tavares JMN, Beloli IGC, De Melo Silva GM, Neto HRL, et al. Phytase and protease supplementation for laying hens in peak egg production. Semin Agrar. 2016;37:4285-94. [Crossref]
  26. Kaczmarek SA, Rogiewicz A, Mogielnicka M, Rutkowski A, Jones RO, Slominski BA. The effect of protease, amylase, and nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and growth performance of broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. Poult Sci. 2014;93:1745-53. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  27. Rada V, Lichovníkova M, Foltyn M, Safarík I. The effect of exogenous protease in broiler diets on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and on protease activity in jejunum. Acta Univ Agric Silvic Mendelianae Brun. 2016;64:1645-52. [Crossref]
  28. Borda-Molina D, Zuber T, Siegert W, Camarinha-Silva A, Feuerstein D, Rodehutscord M. Effects of protease and phytase supplements on small intestinal microbiota and amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2019;98:2906-18. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  29. Kocher A, Choct M, Porter MD, Broz J. Effects of feed enzymes on nutritive value of soyabean meal fed to broilers. Br Poult Sci. 2002;43:54-63. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  30. Huo GC, Fowler VR, Inborr J, Bedford MR. The use of enzymes to denature antinutritive factors in soybean. In: van der Poel AFB, Huisman J, Saini HS, eds. Recent Advances of Research in Antinutritional Factors in Legume Seeds: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on 'antinutritional factors (ANFs) in legume seed', 1993 Dec 1-3; Wageningen, p. 517-522.
  31. Mahmood T, Mirza MA, Nawaz H, Shahid M, Athar M, Hussain M. Effect of supplementing exogenous protease in low protein poultry by-product meal based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2017b;228:23-31. [Crossref]
  32. Marsman GJ, Gruppen H, Van der Poel AF, Kwakkel RP, Verstegen MW, Voragen AG. The effect of thermal processing and enzyme treatments of soybean meal on growth performance, ileal nutrient digestibilities, and chyme characteristics in broiler chicks. Poult Sci. 1997;76:864-72. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  33. Cowieson AJ, Zaefarian F, Knap I, Ravindran V. Interactive effects of dietary protein concentration, a mono-component exogenous protease and ascorbic acid on broiler performance, nutritional status and gut health. Anim Prod Sci. 2017;57:1058-68. [Crossref]
  34. Boeli I, Maiorka A, Macari M. Estrutura funcional do trato digestório. Fisiologia Aviária Aplicada a Frangos de Corte. 2002;2:75-98.
  35. Williams RB. Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathol. 2005;34:159-80. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  36. Weir J, Li H, Warren LK, Macon E, Wickens C. Characterizing ammonia emissions from horses fed different crude protein concentrations. J Anim Sci. 2017;95:3598-608. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  37. Cardinal KM, Moraes ML, Andretta I, Schirmann GD, Belote BL, Barrios MA et al. Growth performance and intestinal health of broilers fed a standard or low-protein diet with the addition of a protease. R Bras Zootec. 2019; 48:e20180232. [Crossref]
  38. Barbosa SAPV, Corrêa GSS, Corrêa AB, Figueiredo EM, Vieira BS, Oliveira CFS, et al. Protease Supplementation in the Diet of Light Laying Hens. Braz J Poult Sci. 2022;24(4):eRBCA-2021-1582. [Crossref]
  39. Duque‑Ramírez CF, Javierre JA, Peñuela‑Sierra LM, Diaz‑Vargas M. Effect of exogenus protease on performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal histomorphometric, meat quality characteristics, carcass yield in broilers fed low protein diets. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2023;55:190. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  40. Cho HM, Hong JS, Kim YN, Nawarathne SR, Seoung EI, Choi I, et al. 2020. Responses in growth performance and nutrient digestibility to a multi-protease supplementation in amino acid-deficient broiler diets. J Anim Sci Technol. 2020;62:840-53. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  41. Carvalho DP, Leandro NSM, Andrade MA, de Oliveira HF, Pires MF, Teixeira KA, et al. Protease inclusion in plant-and animal-based broiler diets: Performance, digestibility and biometry of digestive organs. S Afr J Anim. Sci. 2020;50:291-301. [Crossref]
  42. Jabbar A, Tahir M, Alhidary IA, Abdelrahman MA, Albadani H, Khan RU, et al. Impact of microbial protease enzyme and dietary crude protein levels on growth and nutrients digestibility in broilers over 15-28 days. Animals. 2021;11:2499. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  43. Barbosa SAPV, Corrêa GSS, Corrêa AB, de Oliveira CFS, Vieira BS, de Figueiredo EM, et al. Effects of different proteases on commercial laying hens at peak production. Rev Bras Zootec. 2020;49:e20200026. [Crossref]
  44. Poudel I, Hodge VR, Wamsley KGS, Roberson KD, Adhikari PA. Effects of protease enzyme supplementation and varying levels of amino acid inclusion on productive performance, egg quality, and amino acid digestibility in laying hens from 30 to 50 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 2023;102:102465. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]