FROM NEUROSCIENCE LABORATORY TO NEUROLOGY CLINIC

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FROM APATHY TO HALLUCINATIONS IN PARKINSON’S: A SCHIZOPHRENIALIKE MODEL

Zeynep Temel

İstanbul Medipol University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, İstanbul, Türkiye

Temel Z. From Apathy to Hallucinations in Parkinson’s: A SchizophreniaLike Model. In: Hanoğlu L, editor. From Neuroscience Laboratory to Neurology Clinic. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.141152.

ABSTRACT

Parkinson’s disease (PD), although primarily defined as a movement disorder, is also associated with nonmotor symptoms that significantly affect patients’ quality of life. Among these nonmotor symptoms, hallucinations and apathy have frequently been studied in PD research. Hallucinations are defined as perceptual experiences occurring in the absence of external stimuli and beyond voluntary control, whereas apathy is linked to a lack of internal stimuli and is characterized by a reduction in goaldirected behavior, loss of motivation, emotional blunting, and low energy. These symptoms are associated with disruptions in the spontaneous production of internal stimuli. The asymmetry between hallucinations and apathy can be addressed similarly to the positive and negative symptom distinction in schizophrenia when these are considered alongside other parkinsonian signs. The default mode network, which is associated with internal processes, such as autobiographical memory, selfdirected thinking, future planning, and theory of mind, may play a role in the development of hallucinations and apathy. Understanding the neurological and cognitive underpinnings of nonmotor symptoms in PD could involve examining these symptoms as positive and negative manifestations through an analysis of the default mode network and other restingstate networks. This approach can provide considerable insights into how the brain constructs and organizes mental representations of both health and disease.

Keywords: Apathy; Hallucination; Parkinson’s disease; Default mode network; Restingstate networks

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