COMMON LESIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY

oralcavitykapak

HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION

Esin Akol Görgün1
Ahmet Tohumcu2

1Adıyaman University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Adıyaman, Türkiye
2Adıyaman University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Adıyaman,Türkiye

Akol Görgün E, Tohumcu A. Herpes Simplex Infection. In: Çakır B editor. Common Lesions of the Oral Cavity. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.51-57.

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex (HSV) virus is pertain to Simplex virüs genus. In addition HSV member of Herpesvi- ridae family, Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, HSV-1 and HSV-2 are the two main kinds of HSV. They are the leading causes of intraoral herpesvirus infections. Generally, HSV-1 is occured HSV infections occurring above the waist, while HSV-2 is responsable for infections below the waist, though there can be exceptions. The most important characteristic of the herpes virus is that, even when it does not cause infection in the human body, it remains latent in nerve ganglia. It reactivates and recurs when triggered by environmental, hormonal, and various stimuli. Another feature is that it shows prodromal symptoms in the body before vesicles form. HSV infections are encountered very frequently, and the contagion rate of herpes viruses is very high. Herpes viruses are transmitted from host to host through direct contact with saliva and genital secretions. The first encounter with HSV occurs between 6 months and 5 years old, leading to primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Afterward, recurrent outbreaks occur, resulting in herpes labialis and intraoral herpes in the oral region. If oral herpes spread to fingers and eyes, lesions can also form on the fingers and eyes. Therefore, especially dentists should postpone dental treatments in HSV infected patients until the illness subsides. The outcome of HSV infection can be different. It can be asymptomatic, mild or fatal. In most healthy individuals, HSV infection is mild and self-limiting. However, HSV infection can also cause high contagiousness and death in some people for reasons that are not fully understood. Diseases caused by HSV include herpes, genital her- pes, herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow, ocular herpes, herpes stromal keratitis, eczema herpeticum, disseminated disease in the newborn, meningitis and herpes simplex encephalitis. The effect of HSV on a person is determined by the person’s immune system. It is possible to encounter conditions that can lead to death in people with suppressed immune systems. For these reasons, prevention of herpes infections and knowledge of transmission routes are extremely important. The gold standard for HSV diagnosis is a virus culture test performed under proper conditions. The current management approach for HSV infections aims not at viral eradication, but rather at preventing transmission, suppressing recurrences, alleviating the clinical course, viral spread and complications and supporting healing. In its treatment, systemic and topical antiviral medications are used.

Keywords: Herpes simplex; Herpes labialis; Herpes genitalis; Mouth diseases; Stomatitis herpetic; Encephalitis herpes simplex; Antiviral agents

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