Hypocalcemia/Hypercalcemia

Burhan Burak KUZUCUa , Havva ŞAHİN KAVAKLIa

aAnkara Bilkent City Hospital, Clinic of Emergency Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye

ABSTRACT
Calcium serves as the most abundant extracellular cation in the human body, primarily constituting the main component of bones and teeth. Approximately 99% of the body’s calcium is found in bones, providing essential structural support. The remaining 1% circulates in the bloodstream, where the normal calcium concentration ranges from 8.5-10.5 mg/dL. In addition to maintaining bone structure, calcium also functions as a secondary messenger. It plays a crucial role in relaying signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular systems. Moreover, calcium participates in the clotting cascade by activating platelets and coagulation factors like thrombin and factor XIII. It contributes to muscle contraction by binding to troponin C on actin filaments and modulating myosin filaments through calmodulin. The regulation of calcium balance in the body involves three key factors: calcitonin, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH, secreted by the parathyroid glands located near the thyroid gland, acts as the primary regulator of calcium through negative feedback mechanisms in the body.
Keywords: Hypocalcemia; hypercalcemia; endocrine emergencies

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