INVASIVE INTERVENTIONS IN STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASES: COMPREHENSIVE TECHNIQUES

Invasive Interventions in Structural Heart Diseases-kapak

INVASIVE DIAGNOSTICS (CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION, HEMODYNAMICS)

Yunus Çalapkulu

Ankara Mamak State Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Türkiye

Çalapkulu Y. Invasive Diagnostics (Cardiac Catheterization, Hemodynamics). In: Tanık VO, Özlek B, editors. Invasive Interventions in Structural Heart Diseases: Comprehensive Techniques. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.57-67.

ABSTRACT

Cardiac catheterization laboratories have evolved significantly over the decades. While hemodynamic assessments were crucial in the mid-20th century for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases, advancements in echocardiography during the 1980s and 1990s introduced noninvasive alternatives. However, catheterization remains indispensable for complex diagnostic cases, especially in congenital or structural heart diseases. Additionally, modern interventional procedures, such as balloon valvuloplasty and percutaneous valve implantation, provide treatment options for previously inoperable cases. Effective cardiac catheterization requires careful planning, including selecting the correct vascular access based on clinical needs. For example, radial or jugular access may be preferred for unexplained dyspnea, while transseptal catheterization is necessary for left atrial pressure measurements. Accurate assessments, particularly for pulmonary vascular resistance in transplant candidates, rely on appropriate catheters and techniques, with consistent monitoring crucial to avoid errors from issues like damping or thrombus formation. Key hemodynamic parameters, including preload, afterload, and cardiac output, are evaluated using techniques like thermodilution and the Fick method. Complex conditions, such as aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, valve regurgitation, and congenital defects, often require catheterization when noninvasive findings are inconclusive. By refining their skills and eliminating errors, operators ensure accurate diagnoses and optimal patient care.

Keywords: Cardiac catheterization; Hemodynamics; Heart diseases

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