THYROID AND PARATHYROID DISEASES: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND SURGERY WITH CURRENT APPROACHES

thyroid_and_parathyroid_diseasesnevinsakoglukapak1-0-25

MEDICAL TREATMENT APPROACHES IN THYROID AND PARATHYROID DISEASES

Ayşe Naciye Erbakan

İstanbul Göztepe Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalçın City Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye

Erbakan AN. Medical Treatment Approaches in Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases. Kesici U, ed. Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment and Surgery with Current Approaches. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.47-58.

ABSTRACT

This review provides a comprehensive overview of thyroid and parathyroid diseases, focusing on di- agnosis, clinical presentation, and treatment approaches. It covers thyroid disorders, including hypo- thyroidism and hyperthyroidism, as well as parathyroid conditions, such as hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. The chapter discusses hypothyroidism, outlining its causes and clinical manifes- tations. The primary treatment is levothyroxine replacement therapy with dosage adjustments based on patient characteristics and TSH levels. Special considerations for hypothyroidism in pregnancy and older adults are addressed. Hyperthyroidism is explored, including etiology, clinical features, and diagnostic methods. The text details treatment options, including symptomatic management with be- ta-blockers and definitive treatments, such as antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery. The chapter discusses thyroid storm, a life-threatening condition requiring emergency intervention, and outlines its management protocols. The section on hyperparathyroidism covers primary and sec- ondary forms, describing clinical presentation and treatment options, including surgical management through parathyroidectomy and medical management with bisphosphonates and calcimimetics. The text emphasizes individualized treatment approaches considering factors such as patient age, comor- bidities, and disease severity. Hypoparathyroidism is addressed, highlighting the need for calcium and vitamin D supplementation to maintain normal serum calcium levels and prevent complications. This chapter discusses treatment strategies, including oral and intravenous calcium supplementation and the use of recombinant human parathyroid hormone in certain cases. The importance of regular monitoring and follow-up is highlighted to ensure optimal treatment outcomes and address potential complications or side effects. This chapter serves as a comprehensive resource for healthcare professionals involved in the diagnosis and management of thyroid and parathyroid diseases and offers evidence-based guid- ance for clinical practice.

Keywords: Thyroid disease; Parathyroid disease; Hypothyroidism; Hyperthyroidism; Hypoparathyroidisim; Hyperparathyroidisim; Antithyroid agents; Thyroid storm

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