Migration, Identity, Culture, and Trauma

Migration Psychology-wos kapak

Mustafa Şahin ÖZDENa , Can ÇALICIa

aİstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Social Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye

Özden MŞ, Çalıcı C. Migration, identity, culture, and trauma. In: Öztürk E, ed. Migration Psychology. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2024. p.103-11.

ABSTRACT

Migration is quite widespread, especially in recent years, as a result of developments such as oppression, war, armed conflict and genocide around the world, and for reasons such as the desire to establish a better life in another city and/or another country within the country. Migration is a psychosocial phenomenon that profoundly affects identity, collective structure and cultural characteristics and inherently involves both traumatic experiences and individual and social opportunities. In addition to impacts on economic well-being, the migration of people from different cultural backgrounds has profound effects on people’s identities and psychological well-being. Migration should be considered as a phenomenon that involves developmental and positive transformational changes as well as traumatic reactions with profound effects on identity and culture. A change of city or country that enables the individual to get rid of the negative dynamics in which they have lived and to use their potential is considered as developmental migration because it serves the positive restructuring of the individual.

Keywords: Migration; identity; culture; trauma; dissociation

Referanslar

  1. Ekici S, Tuncel G. Göç ve insan. Birey ve toplum. 2015;5(9):9-22. [Crossref]
  2. Öztürk E. Göç psikolojisi ve göç travması: sınırlaraşırı bir yaşam deneyimi olarak gelişimsel göçün dissoanalizi, Artuklu Human Social Sci J. 2023;8(2):233-53. [Crossref]
  3. Lee ES. A Theory of Migration. Demography. 1966;3(1):47-57. [Crossref]
  4. Laban CJ, Komproe IH, Gernaat HB, de Jong JT. The impact of a long asylum procedure on quality of life, disability and physical health in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2008;43(7):507-15. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  5. Schouler-Ocak M. Introduction: The relevance of trauma among immigrants. In: Schouler-Ocak, ed. Trauma and Migration. 1st ed. Cham: Springer; 2015. p.3-8. [Crossref]
  6. Yeşil A. Ruhsal travma ve göç. Sanberk İ, editör. Güncel Psikoloji Araştırmaları II. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi A.Ş.; 2021. p.151-66.
  7. Bhugra D, Becker MA. Migration, cultural bereavement and cultural identity. World Psychiatry. 2005;4(1):18-24.
  8. La Barbera MC. Identity and Migration in Europe: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. 1st ed. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 1-283. [Crossref]
  9. Huysmans J. The European Union and the securitization of migration. JCMS. 2000;38(5):751-77. [Crossref]
  10. Bauman Z. Parçalanmış Hayat: Postmodern Ahlak Denemeleri. Türkmen İ, çeviren. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları; 2014. p.1-389. [Crossref]
  11. Prinz A, Siegel M. Migration, cultural identity and diasporas: An identity economics approach, IZA J Dev Migr. 2019;10(1):1-20. [Crossref]
  12. Bhugra D. Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109(4):243-58. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  13. Bourque F, van der Ven E, Malla A. A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants. Psychol Med. 2011;41(5):897-910. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  14. International Organization of Migration. [cited: Jan 9, 2023]. Available from: [Link]
  15. Derin G. Travma and Göç: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Artuklu Human Social Sci J. 2020;5(2):46-55. [Crossref]
  16. Hajro A, Brewster C, Haak-Saheem W, Morley MJ. Global migration: Implications for international business scholarship. J Int Bus Stud. 2022;14:1-17. [Crossref]
  17. Öztürk E, Derin G. Dissoanaliz kuramı açısından savaş psikolojisi ve göç travması: Savaş kökenli kuşaklararası travma geçişi ve kuşaklararası psikopatoloji aktarımı. Öztürk E, editör. Savaş psikolojisi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2023. p. 36-51.
  18. Yalçın, C. Göç sosyolojisi. 1. Baskı Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık; 2004. p.1-192.
  19. Perruchoud R, Redpath-Cross J. Uluslararası Göç Hukuku, Göç Terimleri Sözlüğü. Uluslararası Göç Örgütü (IOM) Yayınları; 2013. p.1-110.
  20. Bakewell O. Unsettling the boundaries between forced and voluntary migration. In: Carmel E, Lenner K, Paul R, eds. Handbook on the Politics and Governance of Migration. 1st ed. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar; 2021. p.124-36. [Crossref]
  21. European Migration Network. [cited: March 20, 2023]. Available from: [Link]
  22. Triandafyllidou A. Temporary migration: category of analysis or category of practice?, J Eth Migr Stud. 2022;48(16):3847-59. [Crossref]
  23. Cook-Martín D. Temp nations? A research agenda on migration, temporariness, and membership. Ame Behav Sci. 2019;63(9):1389-403. [Crossref]
  24. Chen JJ, Kosec K, Mueller V. Temporary and permanent migrant selection: Theory and evidence of ability-search cost dynamics. Rev Dev Econ. 2019;23(4):1477-519. [Crossref]
  25. Virupaksha HG, Kumar A, Nirmala BP. Migration and mental health: An interface. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2014;5(2):233-39. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  26. Öztürk E. Psikotarih, travma ve dissosiyasyon: Çocukluk çağı travmaları, savaşlar ve dissosiyasyonun anamnezi. Öztürk E, editör. Psikotarih. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p. 1-21.
  27. Öztürk E. Dissoanalysis as a modern psychotraumatology theory: Denial trauma and mass dissociation versus dissociative revolution and psychocommunal therapy. Med Sci. 2020;11(3):1359-85. [Crossref]
  28. Kächele H. Inner emigration. In: Hamburger A, Hancheva C, Özcürümez S, Scher C, Stankovic B, Tutnjevic S, eds. Forced Migration and Social Trauma Interdisciplinary Perspectives from Psychoanalysis, Psychology, Sociology and Politics. 1st ed. London: Routledge; 2019. p. 95-110. [Crossref]
  29. Wirtgen W. Traumatisierte flüchtlinge: Psychische Probleme bleiben meist unerkannt. Deutsches Arzteblatt-Arztliche mitteilungen-Ausgabe B. 2009;106(49):2115.
  30. Ringler-Jayanthan E, Neibich-Gianni M, Brubaker D, Naranjo F. Integrating traumainformed care in providing services for refugees and asylum seekers. In: Kottler J, Banu S, Jani S, eds. Handbook of Refugee Experience: Trauma, resilience, and recovery. 1st ed. San Diego: Cognella; 2020. p.82-91.
  31. Öztürk E. Shared dissociative identity disorder and defector alter personality: Controlled human syndrome and the objectification trap phenomenon as a gaslighting form based on dissociative narcissism from the perspective of dissoanalysis theory and dissoanalytic psychohistory. Med Sci. 2023;12(2):495-521. [Crossref]
  32. Öztürk E, Şar V. Somatization as a predictor of suicidal ideation in dissociative disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;62(6):662-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  33. Patel K, Kouvonen A, Close C, Väänänen A, O'Reilly D, Donnelly M. What do register-based studies tell us about migrant mental health? A scoping review. Syst Rev. 2017;6(1):1-11. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  34. Finklestein M, Solomon Z. Cumulative trauma, PTSD and dissociation among Ethiopian refugees in Israel. J Trauma Dissociat. 2009;10(1):38-56. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  35. Gušić S, Malešević A, Cardeña E, Bengtsson H, Søndergaard HP. "I feel like I do not exist:" A study of dissociative experiences among war-traumatized refugee youth. Psychol Trauma. 2018;10(5):542-50. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  36. Bryant RA, Nickerson A, Morina N, Liddell B. Posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2023;9(19):413-36. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  37. Steel JL, Dunlavy AC, Harding CE, Theorell T. The psychological consequences of pre-emigration trauma and post-migration stress in refugees and immigrants from Africa. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017;19(3):523-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  38. Song SJ, Subica A, Kaplan C, Tol W, de Jong J. Predicting the mental health and gunctioning of torture survivors. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2018;206(1):33-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  39. Tekin A, Karadağ H, Süleymanoğlu M, Tekin M, Kayran Y, Alpak G, et al. Prevalence and gender differences in symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among Iraqi Yazidis displaced into Turkey. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2016;12(7):28556. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  40. Bogic M, Ajdukovic D, Bremner S, Franciskovic T, Galeazzi GM, Kucukalic A, et al. Factors associated with mental disorders in long-settled war refugees: refugees from the former Yugoslavia in Germany, Italy and the UK. Br J Psychiatry. 2012; 200(3):216-23. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  41. Chessell ZJ, Brady F, Akbar S, Stevens A, Young K. A protocol for managing dissociative symptoms in refugee populations. Cog Behav Ther. 2019;12(e27):1-16. [Crossref]
  42. Palic S, Carlsson J, Armour C, Elklit A. Assessment of dissociation in Bosnian treatment-seeking refugees in Denmark. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015;69(4):307-14. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  43. Nosè M, Tarsitani L, Tedeschi F, Lotito C, Massetti P, Purgato M, et al. Association of traumatic events with levels of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in male asylum seekers and refugees resettled in Italy. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(576):1-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  44. Maier T, Straub M. My head is like a bag full of rubbish: Concepts of illness and treatment expectations in traumatized migrants. Qual Health Res. 2011;21(2):233-48. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  45. Gail-Theisen W. Trauma and Resilience Among Displaced Populations A Sociocultural Exploration. 1st ed. Cham: Springer; 2021. p. 1-305. [Crossref]
  46. Venturini A. La emergencia del sujeto en la migración. Aesthethika. Revista Internacional de Estudio e Investigación Interdisciplinaria sobre Subjetividad, Política y Arte. 2006;2(2):62-8.
  47. Park M, Katsiaficas C. Mitigating the effects of trauma among young children of immigrants and refugees. The role of early childhood programs. Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute; 2019. p. 1-18.
  48. Gilmer TP, Center K, Casteel D, Choi K, Innes-Gomberg D, Lansing AE. Developing trauma resilient communities through community capacity-building. BMC Pub Health. 2021;168:1-11. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  49. Nathan T. L'influence qui guérit. Paris: Odile Jacob. 2009. p. 3-314.
  50. Rapoport H, Sardaschou S, Silve, A. Migration and cultural change. IZA Inst Labor Econ Disc Papers. 2021;2-62. [Crossref]
  51. Rodrik D. Why does globalization fuel populism? Economics, culture, and the rise of right-wing populism. Annu Rev Econ. 2021;13:133-70. [Crossref]
  52. Guriev S, Papaioannou E. The political economy of populism. J Econ Lite 2022;60(3):753-832. [Crossref]
  53. Wagner C. 2016. Migration and the creation of hybrid identity: Chances and challenges," Proceedings of Harvard Square Symposium, The Phenomenon of Migration, 2016 Aug 22-23; Oxford, UK.
  54. Hansson EK, Tuck A, Lurie S, McKenzie K. Rates of mental illness and suicidalityin immigrant, refugee, ethnocultural, and racialized groups in Canada: A review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(2):111-21. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  55. Margherita G, Tessitore F. Facing the traumatic field in the clinical and social work with forcedmigrants through a psychodynamic perspective: From "refugee trauma" to the clinic of social links. Clin Soc Work J. 2023;51:379-88. [Crossref]
  56. Sangalang CC, Becerra D, Mitchell FM, Lechuga-Peña S, Lopez K, Kim I. Trauma, post-migration stress, and mental health: a comparative analysis of refugees and ımmigrants in the united states. J Immigr Minor Health. 2019;21(5):909-19. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  57. Spinazzola J, van der Kolk B, Ford JD. Developmental trauma disorder: A legacy of attachment trauma in victimized children. J Trauma Stress. 2021;34(4):711-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  58. Schore AN. Relational trauma, brain development, and dissociation. In: Ford JD, Courtois CA, eds. Treating Complex Traumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Scientifc Foundations and Therapeutic Models. 1st ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2013. p.3-23.
  59. Liddell BJ, Jobson L. The impact of cultural differences in self-representation on the neural substrates of posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2016;13(7):30464. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  60. Liddell BJ, Angela N, Richard AB. Clinical science and torture survivors' rights to rehabilitation. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(2):101-3. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  61. Bodnar, S. Remembering where you come from: Dissociation process in multicultural individuals. Psychoan Dial. 2004;14(5):581-603. [Crossref]
  62. Dorahy MJ, Brand BL, Sar V, Krüger C, Stavropoulos P, Martínez-Taboas A, Lewis-Fernández R, Middleton W. Dissociative identity disorder: An empirical overview. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(5):402-17. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  63. Öztürk, E. Travma ve dissosiyasyon: Psikotravmatoloji temel kitabı. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: İstanbul Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2020. p.1-399.
  64. Öztürk E, Erdoğan B, Çalıcı C. Göçmenler ve ruh sağlığı göçmenler ve göç süreci: Psikotravmatolojik bir değerlendirme. Sakız H, Apak H, editör. Türkiye'de Göçmen Kapsayıcılığı: Sorundan Fırsata Dönüşüm Önerileri. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. 2019. p.213-26. [Crossref]
  65. Öztürk E. Modern psikotravmatoloji ve dissosiyasyon teorileri. Öztürk E, editör. Psikotravmatoloji. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.41-9.
  66. Öztürk E. Dissoanalitik psikotarih: Soykırımların, baskıların, çocuk istismarlarının ve savaş travmalarının dissoanalizi. Öztürk E, editör. Savaş Psikolojisi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2023. p. 1-35.
  67. Öztürk E. Dissoanalytic psychohistory: Dissoanalysis of the traumatic history of humanity and the construction of a new societal reality. Med Sci. 2023;12(1);303-18. [Crossref]
  68. Öztürk E. Dissoanaliz ve psikotoplumsal bilinç alyansı kuramı: İnkar travması ve dissosiyatif yansıtımlı kimlik geçişi. Öztürk E, editör. Psikotravmatoloji. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022. p.1-40.
  69. Öztürk E. Psikotarih açısından çocuk yetiştirme tarzları ve çocuk istismarı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Med.-Special Topics. 2016;2(3):24-34.
  70. Porobić S. how can refugees heal? Reflections on healing practices across the refugee process-from displacement to integration, return and beyond. In: Hamburger A, Hancheva C, Özcürümez S, Scher C, Stankovic B, Tutnjevic S, eds. Forced Migration And Social Trauma: İnterdisciplinary Perspectives From Psychoanalysis, Psychology, Sociology And Politics. 1st ed. London: Routledge; 2019. p.105-15. [Crossref]
  71. Batista-Pinto Wiese E. Culture and migration: Psychological trauma in children and adolescents. Traumatology, 2010;16(4):142-52. [Crossref]
  72. Humphrey M. Migration, security and insecurity. J Intercult Stud 2013;34(2):178-95. [Crossref]
  73. Ozturk E. Dissoanalytic theory of migration as a transboundary escape experience from transgenerational traumatic experiences: Regenerative dissociation and developmental migration in the face of a global monolithic cultural hegemony. Med Sci. 2024;13(2):356-82. [Crossref]