THYROID AND PARATHYROID DISEASES: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND SURGERY WITH CURRENT APPROACHES

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID DISEASES

Serhat Doğan

Kayseri Acıbadem Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Kayseri, Türkiye

Doğan S. Pathophysiology of Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases. Kesici U, ed. Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment and Surgery with Current Approaches. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.19-27.

ABSTRACT

The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism. Hypothyroidism, caused by hormone deficiency, slows metabolic processes, leading to bradycardia, depression, constipation, and dry skin. Primary hypothyroidism is commonly due to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, or thyroid surgery. Secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism result from pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction.

Hyperthyroidism, caused by excess thyroid hormones, accelerates metabolism, resulting in tachycar- dia, anxiety, weight loss, and sweating. The most common cause is Graves’ disease, followed by toxic nodular goiter and thyroid adenomas.

Thyroid nodules can be benign or malignant, with papillary and follicular carcinomas being the most common thyroid cancers. Diagnosis involves ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

Hyperparathyroidism is categorized into primary (parathyroid adenomas), secondary (chronic kidney disease), and tertiary (autonomous PTH secretion). Diagnosis includes serum calcium, PTH levels, and imaging. Treatment varies from medical management to parathyroidectomy.

Understanding thyroid and parathyroid pathophysiology is crucial for surgeons. Early diagnosis and appropriate management improve patient outcomes.

Keywords: Hypothyroidism; Hyperthyroidism; Thyroid diseases; Parathyroid disorders

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