COMMON LESIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY

oralcavitykapak

REACTIVE HYPERPLASIAS OF THE ORAL CAVITY

Ahmet Tohumcu1
Esin Akol Görgün2

1Adıyaman University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Adıyaman,Türkiye
2Adıyaman University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Adıyaman, Türkiye

Tohumcu A, Akol Görgün E. Reactive Hyperplasias of the Oral Cavity. In: Çakır B editor. Common Lesions of the Oral Cavity. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.67-72.

ABSTRACT

Reactive hyperplasias are common lesions in the oral mucosa, typically arising due to local irritations and systemic factors. Iatrogenic factors such as dental calculus, trauma, prosthetic margins, and inap- propriate restorations play a significant role in the formation of these lesions. These lesions are gener- ally observed as gingival growths and are usually benign. However, there are various reactive lesions that present similar clinical features. Neville and colleagues classified these lesions as peripheral giant cell granuloma, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, and fibrous epulis.

Peripheral giant cell granuloma is a lesion that typically develops in response to poor oral hygiene, dental calculus, and trauma. It is usually red and nodular in appearance, showing histologically multi- nucleated giant cells and chronic inflammation. Treatment involves local excision and the removal of irritants. Pyogenic granulomas, on the other hand, often develop due to trauma and hormonal changes and appear as red, hemorrhagic nodules. These lesions typically occur on the gingiva, and surgical excision is recommended for treatment.

Peripheral ossifying fibroma is a reactive lesion originating from the periodontal ligament, which may contain calcifications, and it is often seen in individuals in their second or third decades. These lesions are generally small, lobular in shape, and tend to have a high recurrence rate. Fibrous epulis is a benign lesion that contains dense fibrous tissue and is most commonly seen on the buccal mucosa. It is treated with surgical excision and has a low recurrence rate.

In conclusion, reactive hyperplasias are frequently observed benign lesions in the oral mucosa, com- monly resulting from local irritations or iatrogenic factors. Peripheral giant cell granuloma, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, and fibrous epulis are the main lesions in this group. Al- though their clinical and histological features may differ, they often present similar appearances, and histopathological examination is crucial for definitive diagnosis. While these lesions are typically asymptomatic, they can cause aesthetic and functional issues. Treatment is generally done through surgical excision, but some lesions may recur. Therefore, eliminating local irritants and performing appropriate surgical interventions are important in reducing recurrence rates. Early diagnosis and treat- ment of these lesions can help prevent more severe complications in the long term.

Keywords: Pyogenic granuloma; Peripheral giant cell granuloma; Ossifying fibroma; Fibroma, Oral mucosa

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