SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

Dr. Can Uç, FTBS

İzmir Democracy University Buca Seyfi Demirsoy Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, İzmir, Türkiye

ABSTRACT

Sexually transmitted diseases are common, preventable diseases that can range from asymptomatic disease to serious morbidity and complications. Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, genital herpes and human papillomavirus infection constitute the vast majority of sexually transmitted diseases. The most important step in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases is the prevention of the disease. The site and form of transmission of a sexually transmitted disease change the symptoms of the disease. Diagnosis and treatment of anorectal sexually transmitted diseases are difficult due to various factors. Symptoms and signs of infection are related to the organ and tissue affected separately from the pathogenic organism. Distal anal canal, anoderm and perianal skin involvement may occur. Some infections may not cause any symptoms or findings. Usually, many microorganisms are associated with the disease. It is difficult to determine the real pathogen in colonized microorganisms. In this section, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of common sexually transmitted diseases will be discussed.

Keywords: Sexually transmitted disease; Anorectal disease; Clamidya; Gonorrhea; Herpes; Human papilloma- virus

Referanslar

  1. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021;70(4):1-187. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  2. Kreisel KM, Spicknall IH, Gargano JW, et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Among US Women and Men: Prevalence and Incidence Estimates, 2018. Sex Transm Dis 2021;48(4):208-214. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  3. Chow EPF, Grulich AE, Fairley CK. Epidemiology and prevention of sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men at risk of HIV. Lancet HIV 2019;6(6):e396-e405. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  4. Crepaz N, Marks G, Liau A, et al. Prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-diagnosed MSM in the United States: a meta-analysis. AIDS 2009;23(13):1617-29. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  5. Herbst JH, Jacobs ED, Finlayson TJ, et al. Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of transgender persons in the United States: a systematic review. AIDS Behav 2008;12(1):1-17. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  6. Meites E, Szilagyi PG, Chesson HW, et al. Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Adults: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68(32):698-702. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  7. Giannou FK, Tsiara CG, Nikolopoulos GK, et al. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on HIV serodiscordant couples. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2016;16(4):489-99. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  8. Warner L, Stone KM, Macaluso M, et al. Condom use and risk of gonorrhea and Chlamydia: a systematic review of design and measurement factors assessed in epidemiologic studies. Sex Transm Dis 2006;33(1):36-51. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  9. Weller S, Davis K. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(1):CD003255. [Crossref]  [PMC]
  10. Davis KR, Weller SC. The effectiveness of condoms in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV. Fam Plann Perspect 1999;31(6):272-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  11. Ness RB, Randall H, Richter HE, et al. Condom use and the risk of recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, or infertility following an episode of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Public Health 2004;94(8):1327-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  12. Magaret AS, Mujugira A, Hughes JP, et al. Effect of Condom Use on Per-act HSV-2 Transmission Risk in HIV-1, HSV-2-discordant Couples. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62(4):456-61. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  13. Pierce Campbell CM, Lin H-Y, Fulp W, et al. Consistent condom use reduces the genital human papillomavirus burden among high-risk men: the HPV infection in men study. J Infect Dis 2013;208(3):373-84. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  14. Wetmore CM, Manhart LE, Wasserheit JN. Randomized controlled trials of interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections: learning from the past to plan for the future. Epidemiol Rev 2010;32(1):121-36. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  15. Bachmann LH, Barbee LA, Chan P, et al. CDC Clinical Guidelines on the Use of Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis for Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep 2024;73(2):1-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  16. Molina J-M, Charreau I, Chidiac C, et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis with doxycycline to prevent sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: an open-label randomised substudy of the ANRS IPERGAY trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2018;18(3):308-317. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  17. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission. N Engl J Med 2016;375(9):830-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  18. Beck DE, Roberts PL, Saclarides TJ, et al., (eds). The AS- CRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Springer New York: New York, NY; 2011. [Link]
  19. Green LR, Cole J, Parga EFD, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae physiology and pathogenesis.Adv Microb Physiol 2022;80:35-83. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  20. St Cyr S, Barbee L, Workowski KA, et al. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Update to CDC's Treatment Guidelines for Gonococcal Infection, 2020. [Link]
  21. Raimondi S, Candeliere F, Amaretti A, et al. Vaginal and Anal Microbiome during Chlamydia trachomatis Infections. Pathogens 2021;10(10):1347. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  22. Chan PA, Robinette A, Montgomery M, et al. Extragenital Infections Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Review of the Literature. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2016;2016:5758387. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  23. Masiá M, Fernández-González M, García JA, et al. Infection With Chlamydia trachomatis Increases the Risk of High-grade Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clin Infect Dis 2020;70(10):2161- 2167. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  24. Visser M, Dvorakova M, van Aar F, et al. Increased risk of subsequent chlamydia infection among women not tested at the anorectal anatomical location. Sex Transm Infect 2022;98(5):317-322. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  25. Hocking JS, Kong FYS, Timms P, et al. Treatment of rectal chlamydia infection may be more complicated than we originally thought. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015;70(4):961-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  26. Lanjouw E, Ouburg S, de Vries HJ, et al. 2015 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Int J STD AIDS 2016;27(5):333-48. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  27. Cone MM, Whitlow CB. Sexually Transmitted and Anorectal Infectious Diseases. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2013;42(4):877-892. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  28. Golden MR, Marra CM, Holmes KK. Update on syphilis: resurgence of an old problem. JAMA 2003;290(11):1510-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  29. Augenbraun MH. Genital Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases Elsevier; 2015; pp. 1341-1348.e2. [Crossref]
  30. Cohen SE, Klausner JD, Engelman J, et al. Syphilis in the modern era: an update for physicians. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013;27(4):705-22. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  31. Walensky RP, Jernigan DB, Bunnell R, et al. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR Editorial and Production Staff (Serials) MMWR Editorial Board. 2021.
  32. Belda Junior W. Donovanosis. An Bras Dermatol 2020;95(6):675-683. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  33. Ryder N, Jin F, McNulty AM, et al. Increasing role of herpes simplex virus type 1 in first-episode anogenital herpes in heterosexual women and younger men who have sex with men, 1992-2006. Sex Transm Infect 2009;85(6):416-419. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  34. McQuillan G, Kruszon-Moran D, Flagg EW, et al. Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 in Persons Aged 14-49: United States, 2015-2016. NCHS Data Brief 2018;(304):1-8. [PubMed]
  35. Roberts CM, Pfister JR, Spear SJ. Increasing Proportion of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 as a Cause of Genital Herpes Infection in College Students. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30(10):797-800. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  36. Steele SR, Hull TL, Hyman N, et al., (eds). The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Springer International Publishing: Cham; 2022. [Crossref]
  37. Engelberg R, Carrell D, Krantz E, et al. Natural history of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30(2):174-7; [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  38. de Villiers E-M, Fauquet C, Broker TR, et al. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology 2004;324(1):17-27; [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  39. Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, et al. Natural History of Genital Warts: Analysis of the Placebo Arm of 2 Randomized Phase III Trials of a Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) Vaccine. J Infect Dis2009;199(6):805-814. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  40. Gotovtseva EP, Kapadia AS, Smolensky MH, et al. Optimal frequency of imiquimod (aldara) 5% cream for the treatment of external genital warts in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2008;35(4):346-51. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  41. Kumar B, Narang T. Local and systemic adverse effects to topical imiquimod due to systemic immune stimulation. Sex Transm Infect 2011;87(5):432. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  42. Baker DA, Ferris DG, Martens MG, et al. Imiquimod 3.75% Cream Applied Daily to Treat Anogenital Warts: Combined Results from Women in Two Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Studies. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2011;2011:1-11. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  43. Wiley DJ, Douglas J, Beutner K, et al. External genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35(Suppl 2):S210-24. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  44. Zorec TM, Kutnjak D, Hošnjak L, et al. New Insights into the Evolutionary and Genomic Landscape of Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV) based on Nine MCV1 and Six MCV2 Complete Genome Sequences. Viruses 2018;10(11). [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  45. Dohil MA, Lin P, Lee J, et al. The epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54(1):47-54. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  46. Braue A, Ross G, Varigos G, et al. Epidemiology and impact of childhood molluscum contagiosum: a case series and critical review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 2005;22(4):287-94. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  47. Schornack MM, Siemsen DW, Bradley EA, et al. Ocular manifestations of molluscum contagiosum. Clin Exp Optom 2006;89(6):390-3. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  48. Butala N, Siegfried E, Weissler A. Molluscum BOTE sign: a predictor of imminent resolution. Pediatrics 2013;131(5):e1650-3. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  49. Brown J, Janniger CK, Schwartz RA, et al. Childhood molluscum contagiosum. Int J Dermatol 2006;45(2):93-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]