SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID CANCERS
Nurettin Şahin
Bakirköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, İstanbul, Türkiye
Şahin N. Surgical Management of Thyroid and Parathyroid Cancers. Kesici U, ed. Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment and Surgery with Current Approaches. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.135-147.
ABSTRACT
In recent years, an increase in the incidence of thyroid and parathyroid cancers has been observed. This rise is associated not only with an increase in environmental risk factors contributing to cancer devel- opment but also with improved access to healthcare services and advancements in medical technology.
The growing incidence of thyroid and parathyroid cancers has concurrently led to significant advance- ments in their surgical management. Surgical treatment remains the primary and most effective ap- proach in the management of these malignancies, with the extent of surgery being determined by factors such as the stage of the disease, histological subtype, and the patient’s overall health status.
One of the most critical factors influencing the success of thyroid and parathyroid surgery is the sur- geon’s experience and the accurate application of surgical techniques.
Keywords: Thyroid neoplasms; Parathyroid cancer, adult; General surgery
Kaynak Göster
Referanslar
- Cabanillas ME, McFadden DG, Durante C. Thyroid cancer. Lancet 2016;388:2783-95. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Stulak JM, Grant CS, Farley DR, Thompson GB, van Heerden JA, Hay ID, Reading CC, Charboneau JW. Value of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of initial and reoperative papillary thyroid cancer. Arch Surg. 2006;141(5):489-94. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zaydfudim V, Feurer ID, Griffin MR, Phay JE. The impact of lymph node involvement on survival in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2008;144(6):1070-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Robbins KT, Shaha AR, Medina JE, et al; Committee for Neck Dissectio Classification, American Head and Neck Society. Consensus statement on the classification and terminology of neck dissection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;134:536-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cabrera RN, Chone CT, Zantut-Wittmann D, et al. Value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in papillary thyroid cancer: initial results of a prospective trial. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;272(4):971-979. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kelemen PR, Van Herle AJ, Giuliano AE. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in thyroid malignant neoplasms. Arch Surg. 1998;133(3):288-292. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1-133. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ofo E, Thavaraj S, Cope D, Barr J, Kapoor K, Jeannon JP, Oakley R, Lock C, Odell E, Simo R. Quantification of lymph nodes in the central compartment of the neck: a cadaveric study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;273(9):2773-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ito Y, Uruno T, Nakano K, et al. An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 2003;13:381. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Noguchi S, Noguchi A, Murakami N. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. I. Developing pattern of metastasis. Cancer 1970;26:1053. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Qubain SW, Nakano S, Baba M, et al. Distribution of lymph node micrometastasis in pN0 well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 2002;131:249. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Roh JL, Kim JM, Park CI. Central lymph node metastasis of unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma: patterns and factors predictive of nodal metastasis, morbidity, and recurrence. Ann Surg Oncol 2011;18:2245. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Machens A, Hinze R, Thomusch O, Dralle H. Pattern of nodal metastasis for primary and reoperative thyroid cancer. World J Surg 2002;26:22. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Randolph GW, Duh QY, Heller KS, et al. The prognostic significance of nodal metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma can be stratified based on the size and number of metastatic lymph nodes, as well as the presence of extranodal extension. Thyroid 2012;22:1144. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sippel RS, Chen H. Controversies in the surgical management of newly diagnosed and recurrent/residual thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009;19:1373. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Schmidbauer B, Menhart K, Hellwig D, Grosse J. Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Treatment: State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2017;18. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Eskander A, Merdad M, Freeman JL, Witterick IJ. Pattern of spread to the lateral neck in metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid 2013;23:583-92. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Asimakopoulos P, Shaha AR, Nixon IJ, et all. Management of the Neck in Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2020 Nov 14;23(1):1. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Shaha AR. Complications of neck dissection for thyroid cancer.Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:397-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ito Y, Higashiyama T, Takamura Y, et all. Risk factors for recurrence to the lymph node in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients without preoperatively detectable lateral node metastasis: validity of prophylactic modified radical neck dissection. World J Surg. 2007;31(11):2085-91. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Roh JL, Park JY, Park CI. Total thyroidectomy plus neck dissection in differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma patients: pattern of nodal metastasis, morbidity, recurrence, and postoperative levels of serum parathyroid hormone. Ann Surg. 2007;245(4):604-10. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Robbins KT, Clayman G, Levine PA, Medina J, Sessions R, Shaha A, et al. Neck dissection classification update: revisions proposed by the American Head and Neck Society and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128 (7): 751-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H, et all. American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015;25(6):567-610. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Quayle FJ, Moley JF. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: including MEN 2A and MEN 2B syndromes. J Surg Oncol 2005;89( 3); 122-129. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Holzer S, Reiners C, Mann K, Bamberg M, Rothmund M, Dudeck J, et al. Patterns of care for patients with primary differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland treated in Germany during 1996. U.S. and German Thyroid Cancer Group. Cancer. 2000;89(1):192-201. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- DeLellis RA. Pathology and genetics of thyroid carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2006;94(8);662-669. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cabanillas ME, McFadden DG, Durante C. Thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2016;388(10061):2783-2795. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kim JH, Pyo JS, Cho WJ. Clinicopathological Significance and Prognosis of Medullary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2017;41(10): 2551-2558. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Moley JF. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: management of lymph node metastases. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2010;8: 549-556. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kesby N, Mechera R, Fuchs T et al. Natural History and Predictive Factors of Outcome in Medullary Thyroid Microcarcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(10):2626-34. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Roser P, Leca BM, Coelho C, et al. Diagnosis and management of parathyroid carcinoma: a state-of-the-art review. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2023;30(4):e220287. Published 2023 Mar 22. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ryhänen EM, Leijon H, Metso S, et al. A nationwide study on parathyroid carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 2017;56(7):991-1003. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Rasmuson T, Damber L, Johansson L, Johansson R, Larsson LG. Increased incidence of parathyroid adenomas following X-ray treatment of benign diseases in the cervical spine in adult patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57(6):731-734. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bossola M, Tazza L, Ferrante A, et al. Parathyroid carcinoma in a chronic hemodialysis patient: case report and review of the literature. Tumori. 2005;91(6):558-562. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kowalski GJ, Bednarczyk A, Buła G, Gawrychowska A, Gawrychowski J. Parathyroid carcinoma - a study of 29 cases. Endokrynol Pol. 2022;73(1):56-63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Villar-del-Moral J, Jiménez-García A, Salvador-Egea P, et al. Prognostic factors and staging systems in parathyroid cancer: a multicenter cohort study. Surgery. 2014;156(5):1132-1144. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dobrinja C, Santandrea G, Giacca M, Stenner E, Ruscio M, de Manzini N. Effectiveness of Intraoperative Parathyroid Monitoring (ioPTH) in predicting a multiglandular or malignant parathyroid disease. Int J Surg. 2017;41 Suppl 1:S26-S33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Talat N, Schulte KM. Clinical presentation, staging and long-term evolution of parathyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(8):2156-2174. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cetani F, Pardi E, Marcocci C. Update on parathyroid carcinoma. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39(6):595-606. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ryhänen EM, Leijon H, Metso S, et al. A nationwide study on parathyroid carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 2017;56(7):991-1003. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Xue S, Chen H, Lv C, et al. Preoperative diagnosis and prognosis in 40 Parathyroid Carcinoma Patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016;85(1):29-36. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Rodrigo JP, Hernandez-Prera JC, Randolph GW, et al. Parathyroid cancer: An update. Cancer Treat Rev. 2020;86:102012. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Asare EA, Sturgeon C, Winchester DJ, et al. Parathyroid Carcinoma: An Update on Treatment Outcomes and Prognostic Factors from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(12):3990-3995. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- O'Neill CJ, Chan C, Symons J, et al. Parathyroid carcinoma encountered after minimally invasive focused parathyroidectomy may not require further radical surgery. World J Surg. 2011;35(1):147-153. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wang P, Xue S, Wang S, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of parathyroid carcinoma: A retrospective review of 234 cases. Oncol Lett. 2017;14(6):7276-7282. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Alperstein A, Bhayani R. Parathyroid carcinoma, a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014204279. Published 2014 Aug 19. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]