Health of Transgender Women: Gynecological, Hormonal, Sexual and Psychological Management

healthtransgenderwomenkapak

SURGICAL SUCCESS CRITERIA AND LONG-TERM PATIENT SATISFACTION IN TRANSGENDER WOMEN

Nesrin Yılmaz

Binali Yıldırım University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erzincan, Türkiye

Yılmaz N. Surgical Success Criteria and Long-Term Patient Satisfaction in Transgender Women. Balsak D, Aksin Ş, eds. Health of Transgender Women: Gynecological, Hormonal, Sexual and Psychological Management. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.85-91.

ABSTRACT

The phrases transgender and gender nonconforming refer to a situation where an individual’s gender identification diverges from other elements of their reproductive biology, including the outward sexual anatomy present at birth. Gender identity-affirming care for those seeking it may encompass hormone medication, surgical interventions, and other procedures such as hair removal or speech therapy.

Frequently executed surgical interventions encompass craniomaxillofacial operations, thoracic surgery, and genital surgery. Familiarity with these frequently executed procedures and surgical techniques will assist healthcare providers in caring for transgender and gender-diverse patients throughout the transition process and may aid in the assessment and management of complications related to these surgeries.

Mental health treatment and social assistance are essential during the transition phase. A comprehensive strategy for the treatment of transgender persons is advised.

Keywords: Transgender women; Surgical treatment; Patient satisfaction

Referanslar

  1. Cecile C. Gender-affirming surgery: Feminizing procedures. Jul 10, 2024. [Link]
  2. Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, et al. Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. Int J Transgend Health 2022; 23:S1. [PubMed]
  3. Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, et al. Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3869. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  4. Murad MH, Elamin MB, Garcia MZ, et al. Hormonal therapy and sex reassignment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life and psychosocial outcomes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 72:214. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  5. Almazan AN, Keuroghlian AS. Association Between Gender-Affirming Surgeries and Mental Health Outcomes. JAMA Surg 2021; 156:611. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  6. Wierckx K, Stuyver I, Weyers S, et al. Sperm freezing in transsexual women. Arch Sex Behav 2012; 41:1069. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  7. Brown E, Perrett DI. What gives a face its gender? Perception 1993; 22:829. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  8. Bruce V, Burton AM, Hanna E, et al. Sex discrimination: how do we tell the difference between male and female faces? Perception 1993; 22:131. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  9. Morrison SD, Vyas KS, Motakef S, et al. Facial Feminization: Systematic Review of the Literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137:1759. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  10. Nuyen BA, Qian ZJ, Campbell RD, et al. Feminization Laryngoplasty: 17-Year Review on Long-Term Outcomes, Safety, and Technique. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022;167:112. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  11. Chaya BF, Berman ZP, Boczar D, et al. Current Trends in Facial Feminization Surgery: An Assessment of Safety and Style. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2366. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  12. Raffaini M, Magri AS, Agostini T. Full Facial Feminization Surgery: Patient Satisfaction Assessment Based on 180 Procedures Involving 33 Consecutive Patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137:438. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  13. Wolfort FG, Parry RG. Laryngeal chondroplasty for appearance. Plast Reconstr Surg 1975; 56:371. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  14. Wolfort FG, Dejerine ES, Ramos DJ, Parry RG. Chondrolaryngoplasty for appearance. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990; 86:464. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  15. Kanhai RC, Hage JJ, Asscheman H, Mulder JW. Erkekten kadına transseksüellerde büyütmeli mamoplasti. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 104:542. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  16. Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis P, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, ve diğerleri. Transseksüel kişilerin endokrin tedavisi: Endokrin Derneği klinik uygulama kılavuzu. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:3132. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  17. Carter EE, Saade DS, Vashi NA. Presurgical Laser Hair Removal: Protocoling a Safe and Effective Procedure for Transgender Patients. Transgend Health 2020. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  18. Gao Y, Maurer T, Mirmirani P. Understanding and Addressing Hair Disorders in Transgender Individuals. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19:517. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  19. Wanitphakdeedecha R, Alster TS. Physical means of treating unwanted hair. Dermatol Ther. 2008; 21:392. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  20. Elamin MB, Garcia MZ, Murad MH, et al. Effect of sex steroid use on cardiovascular risk in transsexual individuals: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 72:1. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  21. Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013; 70:195. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  22. Kloer C, Parker A, Blasdel G, et al. Sexual health after vaginoplasty: A systematic review. Andrology. 2021;9:1744. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  23. Horbach SE, Bouman MB, Smit JM, et al. Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques. J Sex Med. 2015;12:1499. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  24. Lawrence AA. Patient-reported complications and functional outcomes of male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Arch Sex Behav. 2006; 35:717. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  25. Wedler V, Meuli-Simmen C, Guggenheim M, et al. Laparoscopic technique for secondary vaginoplasty in male to female transsexuals using a modified vascularized pedicled sigmoid. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2004; 57:181. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  26. Kwun Kim S, Hoon Park J, Cheol Lee K, et al. Long-term results in patients after rectosigmoid vaginoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003; 112:143. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  27. Djordjevic ML, Stanojevic DS, Bizic MR. Rectosigmoid vaginoplasty: clinical experience and outcomes in 86 cases. J Sex Med. 2011;8:3487. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  28. Dy GW, Jun MS, Blasdel G, et al. Outcomes of Gender Affirming Peritoneal Flap Vaginoplasty Using the Da Vinci Single Port Versus Xi Robotic Systems. Eur Urol 2021;79:676. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  29. Castanon CDG, Matic S, Bizic M, et al. Laparoscopy Assisted Peritoneal Pull-Through Vaginoplasty in Transgender Women. Urology. 2022;166:301. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  30. Ruppin U, Pfäfflin F. Long-Term Follow-Up of Adults with Gender Identity Disorder. Arch Sex Behav 2015;44:1321. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  31. Gooren LJ. Clinical practice. Care of transsexual persons. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1251. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  32. Lawrence AA. Factors associated with satisfaction or regret following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Arch Sex Behav 2003;32:299. [PubMed]
  33. Landén M, Wålinder J, Hambert G, Lundström B. Factors predictive of regret in sex reassignment. Acta Psychiatr Scand1998;97:284. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  34. Wiepjes CM, Nota NM, de Blok CJM, et al. The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972-2015): Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Regrets. J Sex Med 2018; 15:582. [Crossref]  [PubMed]
  35. Bustos VP, Bustos SS, Mascaro A, et al. Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2021;9:e3477. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]
  36. Narayan SK, Hontscharuk R, Danker S, et al. Guiding the conversation-types of regret after gender-affirming surgery and their associated etiologies. Ann Transl Med 2021;9:605. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC]