CHILDHOOD ANAPHYLAXIS: NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

CHILDHOOD_ANAPHYLAXIS_NEW_DEVELOPMENTS _IN_DIAGNOSIS_AND_TREATMENT_kapak

TRIGGERS AND RISK FACTORS

Pınar Yağmur Altınkaynak1 Mustafa Arga2

1İstanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergic Diseases, İstanbul, Türkiye
2İstanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergic Diseases, İstanbul, Türkiye

Yağmur Altınkaynak P, Arga M. Triggers and Risk Factors. In: Harmancı K, editor. Childhood Anaphylaxis: New Developments in Diagnosis and Treatment. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.23-33.

ABSTRACT

Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially fatal, systemic hypersensitivity reaction that requires rapid diagnosis and treatment. Any agent capable of directly or indirectly activating mast cells or basophils can cause anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis may develop in response to numerous triggering factors, including foods, drugs, and insect stings. Food is the most common cause of anaphylaxis in children. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence and severity of food allergies. Foods triggering anaphylaxis vary depending on local dietary habits and food-preparation practices. However, cow’s milk, eggs, and nuts remain the primary triggers of anaphylaxis in children and adolescents globally. Drugs are the second most frequent cause of anaphylaxis in children, following food. Antibiotics, particularly beta-lactams and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are the most common causes of drug-induced anaphylaxis. Perioperative anaphylaxis is rare, has a high mortality rate, and is challenging to diagnose. Factors, such as exercise, stress, infections, mast cell disorders, allergic diseases (e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis), advanced age, prior history of anaphylaxis, delayed administration of adrenaline, or failure to administer adrenaline, may increase the fatality risk and severity of clinical symptoms. This section will discuss the triggers and risk factors of anaphylaxis.

Keywords: Anaphylaxis; Triggers; Risk factors; Foods; Drugs

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