CURRENT APPROACHES IN CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY

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Vaccines Against Cancer

Pınar ÖZKAL BAYDINa , Elif KORGANb , Hakan AKBULUTb,c
aAnkara University Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
bAnkara University Health Sciences Institute, Department of Tumor Biology, Ankara, Türkiye
cAnkara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara, Türkiye

Özkal Baydın P, Korgan E, Akbulut H. Vaccines against cancer. Sunguroğlu A, ed. Current Approaches in Cancer Immunotherapy. 1st ed. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.20-8.

ABSTRACT
Recent data indicate that immunotherapy may be the most effective treatment method because it is more specific to cancer cells and the response rate of patients to treatment is higher. Cancer vaccine studies developed to eliminate the immunosuppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and prevent tumor cells from escaping the immune system have gained great importance. The structure, method of administration, advantages and disadvantages of cancer vaccines vary depending on different factors, especially TME conditions. Combined treatments that can be administered together with the vaccine can increase vaccine effectiveness. Neoantigens, known as tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), are not found in normal cells and developed as a result of various mutations in cancer cells. Identification of neoantigens in tissue, sequencing, typing, evaluation in databases, production in different vaccine forms and application alone or with combined treatments are the main steps of personalized treatments, as well as eliminating tumor resistance and increasing clinical effectiveness. In this section, cancer vaccines and personalized cancer vaccines developed with neoantigens are summarized in a general and brief manner.

Keywords: Cancer vaccine; immunotherapy; personalized cancer vaccine; neoantigen

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